A Novel Recycling Route for Spent Li-Ion Batteries

Pinna, Eliana Guadalupe; Toro, Norman; Gallegos, Sandra; Rodríguez, M. H.

doi:10.3390/ma15010044

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Please note that the hardness depends on the cobalt content and the grain size of the carbides [ 37 ]. Unfortunately, the price of Co has increased significantly due to the fast growth in demand for the batteries of electric vehicles [ 34 , 38 ]. Nickel, iron, and copper have been proposed as alternatives to cobalt, but they are less efficient binders [ 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling of WC-Co Grinding Chip

et al. 2023

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Grinding is a finishing process for high precision, high surface quality parts, and hard materials, including tool fabrication and sharpening. The recycling of grinding scraps, which often contain rare and costly materials such as tungsten carbide (WC-Co), has been established for decades. However, there is a growing need for more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly recycling processes. Currently, grinding sludges, which are a mixture of abrasives, lubricants, and hard metal chips, are only treated through chemical recycling. Direct recycling (“reuse” of chips as raw material) is the most effective but not yet viable process due to the presence of contaminants. This paper presents an oil-free dry grinding process that produces high-quality chips (i.e., oil-free and with few contaminants, smaller than 60 mesh particle size) that can be directly recycled, as opposed to the oil-based wet grinding that generates sludges, which require indirect recycling. The proposed alternative recycling method is validated experimentally using WC-Co chips from a leading hard metals’ processing specialized company. The contaminant level (oxygen 0.8 wt.%, others < 0.4 wt.%), granulometry (chip D50 = 10.4 µm with grain size < 3 µm) and morphology of the recycled chips’ powder is comparable to commercial powders proving the research and industrial potential of direct recycling. The comparison of sintered products using recycled and commercial powder provided equivalent characteristics for hardness (HRA of 90.7, HV30 of 1430), porosity grade (A02-04) and grain size (<3 µm).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling of WC-Co Grinding Chip

et al. 2023

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“…Reference (7) presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art Li-ion battery technology for EVs. Reference (10) describes the advancements in Li-ion battery recycling and their role in creating a circular economy. Reference (11) presents a comparative study of the environmental and economic impacts of different battery technologies used in EVs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery Technologies Comparison for Electric Vehicles

Ourici

2023

IJST

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Objectives:The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the recent advancements in lithium ion (Li-ion), lead acid, and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries utilized in electric vehicles (EVs). Methods: The study considered in improving the batteries' performance concerning energy and power densities, safety, and cost. Various methods reported have been analysed and compared. Findings: For Li-ion batteries, researchers have developed new cathode and anode materials such as silicon, lithium-sulfur, and lithium-air. Solid-state electrolytes have also been explored to improve safety and longevity. In contrast, research on lead acid batteries has focused on enhancing their cycling performance, reducing their size and weight, and increasing efficiency. Finally, for NiMH batteries, researchers have developed nickel-cobalt-manganese cathodes to enhance energy and power densities. Recent research has been successful in improving battery performance for all three types. The use of silicon anodes and lithium-sulfur cathodes has resulted in significant improvements in energy density for Li-ion batteries. Additionally, carbon additives and new separator materials have improved cycling performance and efficiency for lead acid batteries. The use of nickelcobalt-manganese cathodes has led to improved energy and power densities for NiMH batteries. Novelty: The emphasizes for the development of new materials and technologies that address the limitations of existing battery technologies, thereby making EVs more practical and competitive with gaspowered vehicles. We have supported this review with a simple simulation of the batteries mentioned above, to explain their operation.

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