A novel optical probe based on d‐penicillamine‐functionalized graphene quantum dots: Preparation and application as signal amplification element to minoring of ions in human biofluid

Abstract

In this study, d‐penicillamine‐functionalized graphene quantum dots (DPA‐GQD) has been synthesized, which significantly increases the fluorescence intensity of GQD. We used this simple fluorescent probe for metal ions detection in human plasma samples. Designed DPA‐GQD respond to Hg2+, Cu2+, Au2+, Ag+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ with high sensitivity. The fluorescence intensity of this probe decreased significantly in the presence of metal ions such as, Hg2+, Cu2+, Au2+, Ag+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+. In this work, a promising probe for ions monitoring was introduced. Moreover, DPA‐GQD probe has been tested in plasma samples. The functionalized DPA‐GQDs exhibits great promise as an alternative to previous fluorescent probes for bio‐labeling, sensing, and other biomedical applications in aqueous solution.

Providing multicolor plasmonic patterns with graphene quantum dots functionalized d‐penicillamine for visual recognition of V(V), Cu (II), and Fe(III): Colorimetric fingerprints of GQDs‐DPA for discriminating ions in human urine samples

“…However, in this study, the interactions between DPA and citric acid might not be completed, because the interaction time was reduced to 1 hour. Therefore, there is inadequate time for DPA to make complete interactions with citric acid to provide thoroughly synthesized GQD‐DPA that have been used in previous studies 24,26,27 . Considering the incomplete reactions, some of the DPA molecules are maintained free in the solution, which might be interacted with the other DPA molecules via thiol‐thiol interactions.…”

“…DPA‐GQD was synthesized by thermal pyrolysis of the combination of D‐penicillamine and citric acid. The previous studies proposed GQD‐DPA synthesis through hydrothermal interactions between DPA and GQD for 2 hours at 200°C 24,26,27 However, we use the same interactions between GQD and DPA for 1 hour, at 200°C. After extraction of DPA from commercial tablets, 0.95 g of citric acid and 0.29 g of D‐penicillamine were dissolved in 10 mL deionized water.…”

“…Water pollution is one of the most harmful phenomena caused by metal ions in industry 13‐16 . Regarding the importance of metal ions, in industry and the biomedical fields, the expansion of sensitive and accurate sensing methods is the central point of attention 17‐27 …”

Sensitive recognition of ractopamine using GQDs‐DPA as organic fluorescent probe

“…DPA-GQDs was hydrothermally synthesized through a down-top strategy according to our previous report. 35,36 First, acetone was used to extract D-penicillamine from capsules and purify it at room temperature. Then, 0.29 g of D-penicillamine and 0.95 g of citric acid were dissolved in 10 mL ultra-pure deionized water.…”

“…However, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted significant attention of researchers owing to their zero-dimensional symmetrical crystalline structure in size range of 1-10 nm besides unique properties like low toxicity, chemical stability, thermal and electrical conductivity, watersolubility, strong quantum confinement of conjugated π-systems and edge effects, and strong fluorescence feature. [33][34][35][36] In this work, we presented a novel spectrofluorimetric method utilizing D-penicillamine functionalized graphene quantum dots (DPA-GQDs) to detect Ractopamine (RAC) residue in human plasma samples.…”