A novel one-pot synthesis of tetragonal sulfated zirconia catalyst with high activity for biodiesel production from the transesterification of soybean oil

Shi, Guoliang; Feng, Yu; Wang, Yan; Pan, Dahai; Wang, Huigang; Li, Ruifeng

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.094

Cited by 59 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Bands at region 3000-3500 cm -1 along with 1630 cm -1 which belong to bending mode (d HOH ) of coordinated molecular water associated with the sulfate group appear on all samples. Spectra correspond to S=O stretching vibration and S-O vibration which appears at 1300-1450 and 900-1150 cm -1 is only exhibited by ZS and MZS samples, whereas Z and MZ samples have no peak on these regions [17,18]. Adsorption test using ammonia as an adsorbate on the catalysts shows how the absence of sulfate groups made Z and MZ samples undergos no ammonia adsorption.…”

Section: Effect Of Sulfate and Ctab Templatementioning

confidence: 95%

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Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Rachmat

Trisunaryanti

Sutarno

et al. 2017

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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Sulfated zirconia mesopore has been successfully prepared from zirconyl oxychloride using structure directing agent cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The preparation involved calcination at four different temperatures denoted as MZS (400, 500, 600, and 700°C) and three different zirconyl-to-CTAB ratios (1:1, 3:1, and 9:1). Characterization of resulting zirconia was carried out using XRD method, TEM, gas sorption analyzer, and FTIR. The acidity of zirconia evaluated by ammonia adsorption. Calcination temperatures conducted at 500, 600, and 700°C lead to crystalline structure and tetragonal phase. MZS-600 prepared at ratio 3:1 showed optimum specific surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume: 147.5 m 2 /g, 6.6 nm, and 0.396 cc/g, respectively. CTAB assisted larger pore size formation in zirconia along with higher surface area. The catalytic activity of sulfated zirconia mesopore was tested on lauric acid esterification. All sulfated zirconia mesopores prepared were able to give 99-100% conversion. The highest yield of methyl lauric 89.8% was achieved by MZS-600 prepared using CTAB to zirconyl ratio 9:1.

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Section: Effect Of Sulfate and Ctab Templatementioning

confidence: 95%

“…3). The broad peak at 3500-3000 cm -1 region and 1630 cm -1 indicates a possible bending mode (d HOH ) of coordinated molecular water associated with the sulfate group [17]. The bands between 1300 and 1450 cm -1 are characteristic to S=O stretching vibrations of sulfate groups.…”

Section: Effect Of Calcination On Catalystmentioning

confidence: 97%

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Rachmat

Trisunaryanti

Sutarno

et al. 2017

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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“…Zirconia can exist in tetragonal phase, monoclinic phase, or a mixture of both . The different crystal phases of zirconia will result in the exposure of zirconium with varied bonding environments, which would inevitably affect the subsequent bonding of zirconium species with the sulfur species in —SO 4 2− . However, how do the different crystal phases of zirconia affect the bonding pattern with sulfur species, and catalytic activity has not been fully understood yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfated Zirconia with Different Crystal Phases for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

Shao

Sun

et al. 2019

Energy Tech

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Distinct crystal phases of an oxide affect the configuration of surface atoms, which might further affect coordination with sulfate during sulfonation for the preparation of SO42−/MxOy type of acid catalyst. Herein, such an effect is investigated with zirconia of the tetragonal or monoclinic phase as the model catalysts. The results show that sulfonation inhibits the transformation of zirconia from the tetragonal phase to the monoclinic phase, whereas the varied phase of zirconia also affects the bonding patterns of sulfate species with zirconia in sulfonation. The sulfated zirconia of monoclinic phase contains more abundant acidic sites and more Brønsted acid sites than that of sulfated zirconia of tetragonal phase. Consequently, the sulfated zirconia of monoclinic phase is more active than the sulfated zirconia of tetragonal phase for the conversion of furfuryl alcohol in ethanol and conversion of fructose in dimethyl sulfoxide, achieving the yield of ethyl levulinate of 96.4% and a high yield of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. The sulfated zirconia is not stable in protic solvent due to the leaching of sulfur species and the change in configurations of the sulfate species and the zirconium species, but in the aprotic solvent, they show good stability and recyclability.

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“…The value of the activation energy dictates whether the reaction rate depends on the mass transfer phenomenon or chemical dependence. It was reported that the activation energy for the reactions that are limited by the mass transfer/diffusion processes is of the order of 10 –15 kJ mol −1 (Shi et al, ). Herein, the activation energy of the sulfated zirconium oxide‐catalyzed transesterification reaction of the triacetin with methyl alcohol was 58.2 kJ mol −1 , which indicates that the reaction rate was controlled by the chemical processes (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Kinetic Investigation of Triacetin Methanolysis and Assessment of the Stability of a Sulfated Zirconium Oxide Catalyst

Temoteo

Silva

Rodrigues

et al. 2018

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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In this work, the activity and stability of a sulfated zirconium catalyst in transesterification reactions of triacetin, a model molecule, were investigated. This catalyst has Lewis and Brønsted acid sites and has shown to be highly active in reactions converting triacetin into methyl esters. This catalyst was synthesized using the impregnation method, and systematically characterized using the techniques of x‐rays diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller, and thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA). Kinetic studies were carried out to determine the activation energy as well as the reaction order. The effects of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, the molar ratio, and the catalyst content, were evaluated. The reuse and possible leaching of the catalyst were also investigated. The highest efficiency (ca. 99% of methyl esters) was achieved in the sulfated zirconium oxide‐catalyzed transesterification reaction.

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A novel one-pot synthesis of tetragonal sulfated zirconia catalyst with high activity for biodiesel production from the transesterification of soybean oil

Cited by 59 publications

References 32 publications

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Sulfated Zirconia with Different Crystal Phases for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

A Kinetic Investigation of Triacetin Methanolysis and Assessment of the Stability of a Sulfated Zirconium Oxide Catalyst

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