A novel NiCl2-based cathode material for high-voltage thermal battery

Retracted Article: Mathematical Model of Hybrid and Electric Cars Control System

“…Contactor modules (Kx) and module control and balancing units, battery management systems and insulation monitoring modules are real physical objects. The software part of the simulation complex also contains a load and temperature model, a protective insulation model, a VCU (Vehicle Control Unit) simulation, and a failure model [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Controlling the Changes in Electrolyte Composition in the Cathode to Reduce the Voltage Decay of NiCl2 Thermal Batteries

“…The most widely used cathode materials for thermal batteries are FeS 2 and CoS 2 . , However, the performance of FeS 2 and CoS 2 thermal batteries under high current loading is unsatisfactory. , NiCl 2 as a promising cathode material for thermal batteries has a higher open-circuit voltage and better performance under high current loading than FeS 2 and CoS 2 . , Also, the price of NiCl 2 is acceptable . NiCl 2 was first used in thermal batteries around 1980s, and its theoretical capacity is 413 mA h g –1 . , However, its high resistivity, reaction with electrolytes (LiF–LiCl–LiBr), and voltage decay during the discharge process restrict its application. , Until now, many research studies have been done on NiCl 2 to improve its performance. In order to improve the conductivity of NiCl 2 , Chu reduced NiCl 2 with hydrogen at high temperatures to produce the Ni–NiCl 2 composite.…”

Instantaneous Activation of NiCl2 Cathode towards Thermal Battery by Constructing NiCl2–NiO Heterojunction

“…Thermal battery is a type of disposable power supply using inorganic molten salt as electrolyte, which is extensively served as power sources for weapon and military equipment in virtue of its high power output, dependability, and ruggedness. − Higher indexes for thermal battery have been proposed with the rapid development of weapons . Nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ) possesses a fairly high electrochemical window (2.64 V vs Li), remarkable thermal stability, and a higher theoretical specific capacity of 414 mAh g –1 , which has been identified as the ideal high-power cathode material. − Nevertheless, the application of NiCl 2 as an electrode material is generally restricted in power packages for fast-response and high-power output equipment due to its poor conductivity with the wide band gap (2.4–2.8 eV), resulting in a hysteretic reaction process, prolonged activation time, and lower output voltage. ,,, …”

“…7−14 Nevertheless, the application of NiCl 2 as an electrode material is generally restricted in power packages for fast-response and high-power output equipment due to its poor conductivity with the wide band gap (2.4−2.8 eV), resulting in a hysteretic reaction process, prolonged activation time, and lower output voltage. 9,13,15,16 The intervention of highly conductive materials is a widely adopted strategy to surmount the long activation time, the lower voltage platform, and the poor electronic conductivity of NiCl 2 . NiCl 2 was merged with the nickel foam substrate by Hu et al 14 using screen printing.…”