“…In Figure b–e, the XPS curve fitting spectra of the G/VMT composite reveal C, N, O, and Si compositions. C 1s shows four peaks with binding energies of 284.8, 286.1, 286.9, and 288.1 eV, corresponding to C–C and/or C–H, C–O, N–CN, and CO, respectively . Following the hydrothermal reaction, the peaks appearing at 398.7, 399.9, and 401.2 eV correspond to pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N, respectively .…”