A novel method for preparation of doped Ba3(Ca1.18Nb1.82)O9−δ: Application to ammonia synthesis at atmospheric pressure☆

Soft-chemistry synthesis of LiNbO3 crystallites

“…In the typical synthesis of LN powder, the first stage is to prepare fresh Nb 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O, which is used as the niobium source. The synthesis process was conducted as previously reported [12]. By a sol-gel method, citric acid was used as the complex reagent, which was added into the freshly precipitated niobic acid, in the molar ratio of [citric cid]:[Nb 5+ ] = 3:1.…”

“…All of these undesirable characteristics limit its general application. Alternatively, niobic acid has been a promising candidate, because it is easily handled in an ambient atmosphere, is insensitive to moisture, is lower cost, and furthermore it can easily coordinate with ␣-carboxylic acid to form water-soluble [12]. Therefore, we develop a process stating from niobic acid as the Nb source to prepare LN powder.…”

Wet chemical synthesis of pure LiNbO3 powders from simple niobium oxide Nb2O5

“…In a typical synthesis of LN powders, the first stage was to prepare fresh Nb 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O, which was used as the niobium source. The synthesis process was conducted as previously reported [15]. Citric acid was added into the freshly precipitated niobic acid, in the molar ratio of [citric acid]:[Nb 5+ ] = 3:1.…”

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia using a cell with a Nafion membrane and SmFe0.7Cu0.3−x Ni x O3 (x = 0−0.3) cathode at atmospheric pressure and lower temperature

“…Stoukides et al suggested [3] high temperature proton conducting (HTPC) materials can be used to synthesize ammonia by electrochemical methods in 1996 and subsequently the rates of evolution of ammonia of up to 10 −11 mol·cm −2 ·s −1 was obtained [4] . Our laboratory has developed the use of HTPC materials in the electrosynthesis of ammonia [5][6][7][8][9][10] and achieved rates of evolution of ammonia of up to 10 −9 mol·cm −2 ·s −1 . Using HTPC materials allowed ammonia synthesis to be realized at atmospheric pressure, but required relatively high temperatures at which ammonia started to decompose and thus restricted the yield of ammonia.…”