A Novel Immunoregulatory PEGylated Poly(glycerol sebacate)/β‐TCP Membrane for Application in Guided Bone Regeneration

Abstract

The recently developed poly(ethylene glycol)ylated poly(glycerol sebacate)/β‐tricalcium phosphate (PEGS/β‐TCP) membrane possesses favorable mechanical properties and excellent osteogenic activity. This study is designed to evaluate the feasibility of applying PEGS/β‐TCP membrane in guided bone regeneration (GBR) through investigating the in vitro and in vivo activities of macrophages promoted by PEGS/β‐TCP membranes during osteogenesis. The behavior of macrophages seeded on PEGS/β‐TCP and PEGS membranes is assessed in terms of cell viability, polarization pattern, and release of inflammatory and osteogenic cytokines. The in vitro osteogenic effect of PEGS/β‐TCP membrane‐associated macrophage polarization is evaluated by incubating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with conditioned medium derived from macrophages stimulated with PEGS/β‐TCP or PEGS membranes. The in vivo correlation between macrophage polarization and PEGS/β‐TCP membrane‐driven osteogenesis is investigated using a rat calvarial defect model. The results show that PEGS/β‐TCP and PEGS membranes are capable of downregulating M1 polarization and upregulating M2 polarization. Compared to the PEGS membrane, the PEGS/β‐TCP membrane can further alleviate local inflammatory response and significantly promote the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and in vivo restoration of bone defects. In conclusion, the novel PEGS/β‐TCP membrane can promote the osteogenic commitment of MSCs and restore calvarial bone defects by improving the macrophage polarization pattern.

Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations

“…β-TCP is a biocompatible ceramic material that has been used in a variety of medical applications, including as a bone substitute or scaffold for bone tissue engineering. It can also be used in dental implants and as a filler for bone defects. , …”

“…It can also be used in dental implants and as a filler for bone defects. 186,187 Alginate-based materials have been used in GBR to protect the bone defect, but also to act as a source of growth factors, promoting bone formation and remodeling. 188 They can also improve bone repair and regeneration and reduce the risk of complications such as bacterial infection.…”

Harnessing the power of polyol-based polyesters for biomedical innovations: synthesis, properties, and biodegradation

“…8d and e). Furthermore, PGS has shown great potential for a wide range of soft and hard TE applications such as nerve, 216 bone, 211 vascular, 217 cardiac, 218 and cartilage 219 TE.…”

Special Features of Polyester-Based Materials for Medical Applications

“…Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a polyester synthesized from glycerin-3 and sebacic acid-2 that has received considerable attention in tissue-engineering applications [ 80 ]. PGS was modified by 3D-printing technology with nano-HA [ 32 ], PEG/TCP [ 81 ], PHB [ 82 ], PCL [ 83 , 84 ], poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [ 85 ], and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [ 86 ] to obtain potential scaffolds for reconstruction of bone tissue, especially craniofacial bone. Among the characteristics of an ideal polyester for bone regeneration, there is increasing interest in the development of novel materials with antibacterial properties [ 87 ].…”