As an important disease biomarker, the development of
sensitive
detection strategies for miRNA, especially intracellular miRNA imaging
strategies, is helpful for early diagnosis of diseases, pathological
research, and drug development. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR)
is widely used for miRNA imaging analysis because of its high specificity
and lack of biological enzymes. However, the classic HCR reaction
exhibits linear amplification with low efficiency, limiting its use
for the rapid analysis of trace miRNA in living cells. To address
this problem, we proposed a toehold-mediated exponential HCR (TEHCR)
to achieve highly sensitive and efficient imaging of miRNA in living
cells using β-FeOOH nanoparticles as transfection vectors. The
detection limit of TEHCR was as low as 92.7 fM, which was 8.8 ×
103 times lower compared to traditional HCR, and it can
effectively distinguish single-base mismatch with high specificity.
The TEHCR can also effectively distinguish the different expression
levels of miRNA in cancer cells and normal cells. Furthermore, TEHCR
can be used to construct OR logic gates for dual miRNA analysis without
the need for additional probes, demonstrating high flexibility. This
method is expected to play an important role in clinical miRNA-related
disease diagnosis and drug development as well as to promote the development
of logic gates.