A novel defective recombinant porcine enterovirus G virus carrying a porcine torovirus papain-like cysteine protease gene and a putative anti-apoptosis gene in place of viral structural protein genes

Imai, Ryo; Nagai, Makoto; Oba, Mami; Sakaguchi, Shoichi; Ujike, Makoto; Kimura, Ruka; Kida, Moeko; Masuda, Tsuneyuki; Kuroda, Moegi; Wen, Rong; Li, Kaixin; Katayama, Yukie; Naoi, Yuki; Tsuchiaka, Shinobu; Omatsu, Tsutomu; Yamazato, Hiroshi; Makino, Shinji; Mizutani, Tetsuya

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103975

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, 2019-To-4 contained an extra 657 nt sequence within the 2C–3A junction region. This sequence showed homology to the PL-CP sequence variant that was recently found in EV-G1, G2 and G17 strains isolated in the USA, Belgium, Japan, China and Korea [15–21]. Standard similarity plot analysis in SimPlot software v.3.5.1 with the 2019-To-4 sequence as a separate query revealed that 2019-To-4 had a higher sequence similarity to EV-Gs carrying a PL-CP sequence (PL-CP EV-Gs) than to EV-G strains without a PL-CP in the non-structural protein regions ().…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…The role of EV-Gs as diarrhoea-causing enteric pathogens is still unclear [14]. However, recently, recombinant EV-Gs carrying a papain-like cysteine protease (PL-CP) sequence of torovirus, a member of the order Nidovirales , in the 2C/3A junction site of their genome were identified in the faecal samples of pigs with diarrhoea in the USA, Belgium, China, South Korea, Germany and Japan [8, 15–21]. The PL-CP sequence encodes a deubiquitinase/delSGylase that potentially improves the ability of a virus to evade host immunity, resulting in diarrhoea in neonatal pigs [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic diversity of enterovirus G detected in faecal samples of wild boars in Japan: identification of novel genotypes carrying a papain-like cysteine protease sequence

Nagata

Sekiguchi

et al. 2020

Journal of General Virology

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The genetic diversity of enterovirus G (EV-G) was investigated in the wild-boar population in Japan. EV-G-specific reverse transcription PCR demonstrated 30 (37.5 %) positives out of 80 faecal samples. Of these, viral protein 1 (VP1) fragments of 20 samples were classified into G1 (3 samples), G4 (1 sample), G6 (2 samples), G8 (4 samples), G11 (1 sample), G12 (7 samples), G14 (1 sample) and G17 (1 sample), among which 11 samples had a papain-like cysteine protease (PL-CP) sequence, believed to be the first discoveries in G1 (2 samples) or G17 (1 sample) wild-boar EV-Gs, and in G8 (2 samples) or G12 (6 samples) EV-Gs from any animals. Sequences of the non-structural protein regions were similar among EV-Gs possessing the PL-CP sequence (PL-CP EV-Gs) regardless of genotype or origin, suggesting the existence of a common ancestor for these strains. Interestingly, for the two G8 and two G12 samples, the genome sequences contained two versions, with or without the PL-CP sequence, together with the homologous 2C/PL-CP and PL-CP/3A junction sequences, which may explain how the recombination and deletion of the PL-CP sequences occured in the PL-CP EV-G genomes. These findings shed light on the genetic plasticity and evolution of EV-G.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of enterovirus G detected in faecal samples of wild boars in Japan: identification of novel genotypes carrying a papain-like cysteine protease sequence

Nagata

Sekiguchi

et al. 2020

Journal of General Virology

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“…On the other hand, EV-G1 (PEV-9 or PEV-B) causes diarrhea and flaccid paralysis of the hind limbs. The recombination of EV-Gs at the papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) of Torovirus and EV-Gs genotypes G1, G2, G8, G10 and G17 has been observed, and at least two recombinant EV-Gs (type 1 and type 2) have been identified [ 26 , 27 ]. Recombinant EV-G type 1 has been reported in pigs with diarrhea in Belgium, Germany, Japan and the US [ 17 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and genetic diversity of Enterovirus G (EV-G) on pig farms in Thailand

et al. 2021

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Background Enterovirus G (EV-G) causes subclinical infections and is occasionally associated with diarrhea in pigs. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of EV-G in pigs from 73 pig farms in 20 provinces of Thailand from December 2014 to January 2018. Results Our results showed a high occurrence of EV-Gs which 71.6 % of fecal and intestinal samples (556/777) and 71.2 % of pig farms (52/73) were positive for EV-G by RT-PCR specific to the 5’UTR. EV-Gs could be detected in all age pig groups, and the percentage positivity was highest in the fattening group (89.7 %), followed by the nursery group (89.4 %). To characterize the viruses, 34 EV-G representatives were characterized by VP1 gene sequencing. Pairwise sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that Thai-EV-Gs belonged to the EV-G1, EV-G3, EV-G4, EV-G8, EV-G9 and EV-G10 genotypes, among which the EV-G3 was the predominant genotype in Thailand. Co-infection with different EV-G genotypes or with EV-Gs and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) on the same pig farms was observed. Conclusions Our results confirmed that EV-G infection is endemic in Thailand, with a high genetic diversity of different genotypes. This study constitutes the first report of the genetic characterization of EV-GS in pigs in Thailand.

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“…It occurs without cysts and the nucleocapsid has an icosahedral symmetry (25). Most of the complete genome sequences of EV-G were obtained by next generation sequencing (NGS) (22,26,27), whereas studies regarding virus isolation is limited. Recently, the insertion of PLCP were shown to cause changes in the innate immune signal of EV-G, but the evolutionary genetic and pathogenic characteristics of EV-G itself are not yet fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of a Porcine Enterovirus G Isolated From China

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Enterovirus G (EV-G) infects porcine populations worldwide and the infections are generally asymptomatic, with the insertion of the papain-like cysteine protease gene (PLCP) increasing the potential public health threats. However, the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of EV-G itself are not fully understood as yet. In the present study, one EV-G strain, named CH/17GXQZ/2017, was isolated and purified from piglets with diarrheic symptoms from the Guangxi Province, China. This strain produced stable cytopathic effects on Marc-145 cells with a titer of 5 × 106 PFU/mL. The spherical enterovirus particles with diameters of 25–30 nm were observed by using transmission electron microscopy. The whole genome sequence of the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain consists of 7,364 nucleotides, and the phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences of VP1 indicated this strain was clustered to the G1 genotype. Seven-day-old piglets were inoculated orally with the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain in order to evaluate its pathogenicity. Although none of the infected piglets died during the experiment, clinical neurological symptoms were observed manifesting as mild hyperemia and Nissl bodies vacuolization in the cerebrum. In addition, the infection with the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain decelerated the weight gain of suckling piglets significantly. This study demonstrates that CH/17GXQZ/2017 is pathogenic to neonatal piglets and advance knowledge on the biological characteristics, evolution and pathogenicity of EV-G.

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A novel defective recombinant porcine enterovirus G virus carrying a porcine torovirus papain-like cysteine protease gene and a putative anti-apoptosis gene in place of viral structural protein genes

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Genetic diversity of enterovirus G detected in faecal samples of wild boars in Japan: identification of novel genotypes carrying a papain-like cysteine protease sequence

Genetic diversity of enterovirus G detected in faecal samples of wild boars in Japan: identification of novel genotypes carrying a papain-like cysteine protease sequence

Distribution and genetic diversity of Enterovirus G (EV-G) on pig farms in Thailand

Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of a Porcine Enterovirus G Isolated From China

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