A Novel Deep Learning-Based Cooperative Communication Channel Model for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) have been showing prospective supervising application domains in the underground region of the earth through sensing, computation, and communication. This paper presents a novel Deep Learning (DL)-based Cooperative communication channel model for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks for accurate and reliable monitoring in hostile underground locations. Furthermore, the proposed communication model aims at the effective utilization of cluster-based Cooperative models through the relay nodes. However, by keeping the cost effectiveness, reliability, and user-friendliness of wireless underground sensor networks through inter-cluster Cooperative transmission between two cluster heads, the determination of the overall energy performance is also measured. The energy co-operative channel allocation routing (ECCAR), Energy Hierarchical Optimistic Routing (EHOR), Non-Cooperative, and Dynamic Energy Routing (DER) methods were used to figure out how well the proposed WUSN works. The Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as transmission time, throughput, packet loss, and efficiency were used in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed WUSNs. From the simulation results, it is apparently seen that the proposed system demonstrates some superiority over other methods in terms of its better energy utilization of 89.71%, Packet Delivery ratio of 78.2%, Average Packet Delay of 82.3%, Average Network overhead of 77.4%, data packet throughput of 83.5% and an average system packet loss of 91%.

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

“…[36] -Present a system based on acoustic waves [39] -Develop and evaluate a path loss model [37] -Study the propagation characteristic of EM waves Routing [43] -Propose a routing protocol for WUSN [46] -Optimize the power of the relay node on WUSN [44] -Use cluster-based cooperative models [45] -Deploy relay nodes to prolong network lifetime [40] -Description of a single-hop approach in WUSN [41] -Study the optimal placement of the relay nodes Energy [49] -Analyze the energy consumption of different networks [50] -Study the wake-up of buried sensor nodes [48] -Propose multi-hoped communications guarantying energy efficiency [47] -Present energy harvesting approaches for WUSN Antenna [53] -Study the impacts of moisture on antenna return loss and bandwidth [54] -Model the antenna return loss face to moisture variations [51] -Present a design of phased array antennas [52] -Study the impact of soil on UWB antenna MI [55] -Analyze the multi-hop underground communications based on MI [56] -Investigate MI communications based on relay circuits [57] -Propose a routing protocol for WUSN based on MI [58] -Compare the communications based on MI and EM waves [59] -Present the challenges of MI communications in WUSN [60] -Compare the communications based on MI and EM waves…”

“…The data are next transmitted to the aboveground node (gateway) through UG2AG communications. This approach is more complex to develop as it requires the integration of routing protocols and different strategies (e.g., the role of a relay node can be given to another one to distribute the energy costs), [35,43,44]. This topology is also confronted by the difficulty to obtain reliable UG2UG communications and by the risk that the failure of one node can make all the network inoperative [45,77].…”

Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Agriculture Applications: A Survey

“…TWSNs and UWSNs are commonly utilized in SA applications [23], [79]. In contrast, WUSNs are positioned underground, requiring a higher node density due to the restricted communication range caused by soil attenuation of higher frequencies [77], [80]. Scholarly literature extensively explores the various applications of WSNs in agriculture, encompassing activities such as managing irrigation, assessing water quality, and monitoring the environment.…”