A Novel Compact Butler Matrix Without Phase Shifter

Gao, Tian; Yang, Jing; Wu, Wen

doi:10.1109/lmwc.2014.2306898

Cited by 70 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Multiple beam antenna technology, one of the most important techniques that can solve problems such as multi-path fading and co-channel interference, is an attractive candidate for mobile and satellite communication systems [1]. The main beam of the multiple beam antenna can be well controlled and directed to the directions subject to less interference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified circularly polarised beam steering array antenna by utilised broadband coupler and 4 × 4 butler matrix

Karamzadeh

Rafii

Kartal

et al. 2015

IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation

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Among the other features, multiple beam antennas have the advantage of reduced multi-path fading and co-channel interference. Because of the outstanding features of the Butler matrices, they have been proposed extensively in recent years as feed networks of the antenna array applications such as broadband and circular polarisation. In this study, a beam steering array antenna composed of a broadband circularly polarised square slot antenna and a novel, Butler matrix feed network designed with a proposed broadband branch-line coupler is introduced. The results show that a compact and its improvements are discussed. In this study, a broadband double box coupler with impedance bandwidth over 5-7.4 GHz frequency and the phase error less than 3°is employed. Also the measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed beam steering array antenna is 39% (from 4.7 to 7 GHz). The minimum 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth between ports, support 4.55-6.7 GHz frequency range. The measured peak gain of the proposed array antenna is 10.1 dBic that could scan solid angle ∼25 steradian. Fig. 12 Measured gain and AR against frequency for ports 1-4

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified circularly polarised beam steering array antenna by utilised broadband coupler and 4 × 4 butler matrix

Karamzadeh

Rafii

Kartal

et al. 2015

IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation

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show abstract

“…A similar approach was adopted in [4], where a 4 × 4 Butler matrix [5][6][7][8] was used to scramble the radiation pattern in sidelobes by introducing artificial interferences in all other directions apart from the desired direction. Recently, [9] developed a new 4 × 4 Butler matrix without phase shifters and had only couplers with −45 • and −90 • phase difference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, in this paper, we utilize DM property based on FDA and a 4 × 4 Butler matrix [9] to improve physical-layer security of wireless communications. The following summarizes the contributions of this work:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency Diverse Array Using Butler Matrix for Secure Wireless Communications.

Nusenu¹,

Chen²,

Wang³

et al. 2018

PIER M

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Abstract-An antenna array system configured to offer directional dependent modulation has the capability to prevent eavesdroppers' attacks, thereby enhancing the security level of data transmission. In this paper, we propose artificial-noise-aided directional modulation transmitter utilizing a 4 × 4 Butler matrix with a four-element 2-D (i.e., range and angle) frequency diverse array (FDA) antenna to achieve secure transmissions, which outperforms the 1-D (i.e., angle) phased array scheme. The proposed scheme utilizes FDA Butler matrix excited by information data and injected artificial noise interference which radiates along all directions except the main information data direction. Thus, the radiation pattern during a particular transmission period will be range-angle dependent. The proposed scheme is evaluated by using constellation points in IQ space, bit error probability (BER), and secrecy capacity. Simulation results demonstrate that: 1) our scheme scrambles the constellation points along undesired direction(s) in both amplitude and phase, while preserving a clear constellation points along the pre-specified direction(s); 2) the scheme achieves better BER and secrecy capacity than that of the phased array based directional modulation scheme and other existing scheme; 3) the scheme significantly improves security performance especially in the range dimension.

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“…A technique of miniaturisation of the coupler is shown by employing lumped elements [7], which miniaturises the coupler but reduces the bandwidth and performance due to low tolerance of lumped elements. In some cases, phase shifters are removed to obtain miniaturisation employing 45°and 90°coupler, and 0 dB crossover [8], but the reduction in size is not significant as phase shifters occupy a small portion of the circuit. In [9] the crossover was removed by using a four-layer strip-line left-handed transmission line, its fabrication is not only difficult but costly too.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and Validation of a Compact Planar Butler Matrix by Removing Crossover

Bhowmik

Moyra

2017

Wireless Pers Commun

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In this work a compact planar butler matrix is presented by removing the 0 dB crossover. The proposed butler matrix consists of 45°and 90°phase shifter, and four branch line coupler miniaturised by employing open stubs in each transmission line. As the crossover is removed from the circuit, the circuit size is reduced and the performance is enhanced compared to the conventional Butler matrix. The response obtained from the newly designed butler matrix is comparable to the conventional butler matrix which is operated at 2.5 GHz. The size occupied by the proposed butler matrix is 2.01k g 9 1.13k g . A phase difference of ±45°and ±135°is obtained between the output ports with a maximum of differential phase tolerance of 3°and S-parameter magnitude with a leeway of ±1.5 dB from the theoretical results. As the phase tolerance is within the acceptable limit of bandwidth region, so the interference in beams is found negligible. The measured result and simulated result is in accord. The planar circuit of very low cost with good performance can be used to provide feed to an antenna array system.

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A Novel Compact Butler Matrix Without Phase Shifter

Cited by 70 publications

References 7 publications

Modified circularly polarised beam steering array antenna by utilised broadband coupler and 4 × 4 butler matrix

Modified circularly polarised beam steering array antenna by utilised broadband coupler and 4 × 4 butler matrix

Frequency Diverse Array Using Butler Matrix for Secure Wireless Communications.

Modelling and Validation of a Compact Planar Butler Matrix by Removing Crossover

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