Modelling and Validation of a Compact Planar Butler Matrix by Removing Crossover

Bhowmik, Priyansha; Moyra, Tamasi

doi:10.1007/s11277-017-4158-7

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In order to maintain small BM dimensions, the crossover used here departs from the standard designs composed as a cascade connection of hybrid couplers [ 28 , 29 , 33 ]. Instead, it is based on a microstrip-to-coplanar-waveguide (CPW) transition.…”

Section: Numerical Results and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Sensors

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Design of Butler matrices dedicated to Internet of Things and 5th generation (5G) mobile systems—where small size and high performance are of primary concern—is a challenging task that often exceeds capabilities of conventional techniques. Lack of appropriate, unified design approaches is a serious bottleneck for the development of Butler structures for contemporary applications. In this work, a low-cost bottom-up procedure for rigorous and unattended design of miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler matrices is proposed. The presented approach exploits numerical algorithms (governed by a set of suitable objective functions) to control synthesis, implementation, optimization, and fine-tuning of the structure and its individual building blocks. The framework is demonstrated using two miniaturized matrices with nonstandard output-port phase differences. Numerical results indicate that the computational cost of the design process using the presented framework is over 80% lower compared to the conventional approach. The footprints of optimized matrices are only 696 and 767 mm2, respectively. Small size and operation frequency of around 2.6 GHz make the circuits of potential use for mobile devices dedicated to work within a sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. Both structures have been benchmarked against the state-of-the-art designs from the literature in terms of performance and size. Measurements of the fabricated Butler matrix prototype are also provided.

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Section: Numerical Results and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the design of Butler matrices for space-limited applications has gained significant attention of the research community [16,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Popular miniaturization techniques are oriented toward replacing BM building blocks with their miniaturized counterparts [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Sensors

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“…The main beam of an antenna is steered by the BFN network with the given phase and amplitude. There are many different types of BFNs reported in the literature [9]- [14], [16]- [18], [22]- [27]. The BFNs have two categories 1) Rotman lens and 2) Circuit-based beamformer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [16], it is shown that the use of 45 • and 90 • phase shifters and four BLCs miniaturized by employing open-stubs in each transmission-line allows the size reduction of 42.68% as compared to the conventional BM. In [11], a miniaturized BM using cross-slot patch hybrid couplers and 45 • phase shifters using short-circuited stubs are presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact Metamaterial Based $4\times4$ Butler Matrix With Improved Bandwidth for 5G Applications

et al. 2020

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This paper proposes a novel compact 4 × 4 butler matrix (BM) with improved bandwidth based on open-circuit coupled-lines and interdigital capacitor unit-cell to develop composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission-line (TL) metamaterial structure. The BM is implemented by the combination of compact 3dB quadrature hybrid couplers, 0dB crossover and 45 • phase shifter on a single FR4 substrate (ε r = 4.3 and h = 1.66 mm). The simulated and measured result shows that the return loss and isolation loss are better than 14 dB at all the ports, good insertion loss of −7 ± 2dB, which cover the frequency range of 3.2 GHz to 3.75 GHz. The phase difference of −45 • , 135 • , −135 • and +45 • are achieved with a maximum average phase tolerance of 5 •. The overall dimension of the BM is 70mm × 73.7mm, which shows the compactness of the proposed design that is 75% size reduction and 8.2 times improvement in the bandwidth (550MHz) as compared to conventional BM. The CST microwave studio is used to design and perform the simulations. Additionally, the simulated and measured scattering parameters and phase differences show that they are in good agreement. This compact and improved bandwidth of the proposed BM is suitable for 5G antenna array beamforming network. INDEX TERMS 5G, composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission-line, metamaterial, beamforming network (BFN), Butler matrix (BM), branch line coupler (BLC).

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“…The design of miniaturised BMs has recently gained the attention of the research community [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Popular size reduction techniques include replacement of the BM building blocks by their compact counterparts [3,4], implementation of the structures on multi-layer substrates [5], or development of BMs without some of the components [6,7]. Application of the mentioned techniques allows for obtaining between 60% to 85% miniaturisation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact 4 × 4 butler matrix with non‐standard phase differences for IoT applications

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Electronics Letters

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Butler matrices represent a popular class of feeding networks for antenna arrays. Large dimensions and the lack of flexibility in terms of achievable output phase difference make conventional Butler structures of limited use for modern communication devices. In this work, a compact planar 4 × 4 matrix with non-standard relative phase shifts of -30, 150, -120, and 60°has been proposed. The structure is designed to operate at the centre frequency of 2.45 GHz. Small dimensions of 31.3 × 22.9 mm make it useful for Internet of Things applications. The structure operates from 2.35 to 2.55 GHz, which covers the industrial, scientific and medical bandwidth. At the centre frequency, the measured amplitude and phase imbalance are 1.65 dB and ±4.3°, respectively. The proposed circuit has been compared to the state-of-the-art structures from the literature.

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Modelling and Validation of a Compact Planar Butler Matrix by Removing Crossover

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Compact Metamaterial Based $4\times4$ Butler Matrix With Improved Bandwidth for 5G Applications

Compact 4 × 4 butler matrix with non‐standard phase differences for IoT applications

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