A novel classification of bone graft materials

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the field of biomaterials concerning bone tissue engineering has gained a significant amount of interest. This has led to new biomaterials to be used as bone substitute materials. Despite the rapid increase in the types and forms of bone substitutes, a comprehensive classification encompassing all types of bone graft materials that have so far been developed and evaluated is lacking. Therefore, this review aims to integrate and bring together the published data on bone substitutes within the last 5 years and produce a novel classification that would provide bone material researchers with a better understanding of what materials have so far been used and evaluated and the areas, where research is lacking and deserves more attention. The literature available in all major databases was obtained and filtered using an elimination criterion to extract all the articles related to studies that tested bone substitute materials in nonclinical and clinical trials over the last 5 years. The review article would provide bone material researchers with an insight into the materials that have been evaluated for bone tissue engineering applications and identify future perspectives for bone graft material research.

Novel Approaches and Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Focus on Silk Fibroin

“…According to their source, a general classification of bone substitutes includes autografts obtained from the patients themselves, xenografts derived from animal sources, and allografts obtained from donors of the same species [ 16 ]. The autologous bone grafts, which are characterized by intrinsic osteoconductive and osteoinductive features, are still considered as the gold standard [ 8 , 10 , 17 ], although some limitations are associated to limited availability sources and damages at donor sites such as morbidity, inflammation, increased risk of infections and even rejection [ 10 , 11 , 18 ].…”

Therapeutic Potential of <em>Alternanthera Brasiliana</em> and <em>Fridericia</em> <em>Platyphylla</em> Plants on Bone Healing in Rats

“…More than 2.2 million bone graft procedures are performed annually worldwide to repair bone defects in orthopedics, neurosurgery, and dentistry (Giannoudis et al, 2005). The search for new bone substitutes like autologous graft materials has been advancing as alternatives to bone repair (Wickramasinghe et al, 2022) .…”

Plant-based Bone Grafting: The Future of Bone Healing

“…Musculoskeletal injuries represent US$ 56 billion each year, of which US$ 21 billion goes to fracture treatment, second only to heart disease [2] . Although advances in bone injuries management have improved survival rates, subsequent complications remain challenging, requiring further research with alternative treatments through new molecules that act on bone repair [3] .…”