A Novel Cell-Assisted Enhanced Chemiluminescence Strategy for Rapid and Label-Free Detection of Tumor Cells in Whole Blood

Abstract

In this study, an interesting phenomenon was found where cells (including tumor and normal cells) managed to significantly enhance chemiluminescence (CL) signals. The possible reaction mechanism may be that cells can be severely damaged by CL substrates, and the released contents, possibly proteins (such as cytochrome c), can remarkably magnify CL owing to the increased production of singlet oxygen. More importantly, based on the above phenomena, a novel cell-assisted enhanced CL strategy was proposed for the rapid and label-free detection of tumor cells. The complexes of aptamer sgc8c and streptavidin-modified magnetic beads were employed to recognize and isolate target tumor cells from whole blood. The enhanced CL intensity, which was triggered directly by the captured cells, was measured. The proposed strategy exhibited a good detection performance with a linear range from 200 to 10,000 cells/mL. The analysis can be finished in ∼30 min, and the limit of detection was down to 100 cells/mL. The recoveries and relative standard deviations were 97.81–102.71% and 3.46–12.71%, respectively. Moreover, the established method can successfully distinguish the leukemia patients from healthy people. Therefore, it provides a novel, rapid, and simple method for the determination of tumor cells, which can be used in further practice.

Prevent or Cure—The Unprecedented Need for Self‐Reporting Materials

“…As depicted in Scheme 2C,l uminol is present in its deprotonated species, namely the luminol mono-anion, in (basic) solution, and addition of an oxidant (e.g.ROS), the mono-anion is oxidized to the excited 3-aminophthalic acid, whose decay to the ground state is accompanied by as triking blue-green light. Unfortunately,the CL quantum yield of luminol is rather low in polar aprotic solvents,s uch as DMSO,o ra queous media, [123] thus diverse catalytic systems containing nanomaterials, [130,[149][150][151][152] metal ions, [147,148] or other enhancers [153][154][155] have been developed to improve the CL emission. Since all these systems suffer from individual disadvantages (cost, toxicity,a ir/moisture sensitivity,o rs tability issues,a mongst others), the development of new,a dvanced luminol-CL systems is of high importance.The critical point for achieving such improved luminol-CL systems is to identify aw ay to reduce the number of components to am inimum, while simultaneously boosting CL emission.…”

“…ROS), the mono‐anion is oxidized to the excited 3‐aminophthalic acid, whose decay to the ground state is accompanied by a striking blue–green light. Unfortunately, the CL quantum yield of luminol is rather low in polar aprotic solvents, such as DMSO, or aqueous media, [123] thus diverse catalytic systems containing nanomaterials,[ 130 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 ] metal ions,[ 147 , 148 ] or other enhancers[ 153 , 154 , 155 ] have been developed to improve the CL emission. Since all these systems suffer from individual disadvantages (cost, toxicity, air/moisture sensitivity, or stability issues, amongst others), the development of new, advanced luminol‐CL systems is of high importance.…”

Vorbeugen oder Heilen – die beispiellose Notwendigkeit von selbstberichtenden Materialien

“…Unglücklicherweise ist die CL-Quantenausbeute von Luminol in polaren aprotischen Lçsungsmitteln (wie DMSO) oder wässrigen Medien eher gering. [123] Daher wurden verschiedene katalytische Systeme entwickelt, die Nanomaterialien, [130,[149][150][151][152] Metallionen [147,148] oder andere Verstärker [153][154][155] füre ine verbesserte CL-Emission enthalten. Da all diese Systeme unter speziellen Nachteilen leiden (u. a. Kosten, Toxizität, Luft-/Feuchtigkeitsempfindlichkeit oder Stabilitätsprobleme), ist die Entwicklung neuer,fortschrittlicher Luminol-CL-Systeme von großer Bedeutung.…”

Chemiluminescence Detection in the Study of Free-Radical Reactions. Part 1

“…Biochemiluminescence was first detected in a tissue sample [ 11 ]. The method of detecting the chemiluminescence of blood and its fractions is used in many studies [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ];…”