“…CNO can be administered via different routes, including systemic injection (Alexander et al, 2009), intracerebral injection (Mahler et al, 2014), intracerebroventricular injection (Nakajima et al, 2016), in food or drinking water (Cassataro et al, 2014), or in eye drops (Keenan, Fernandez, Shumway, Zhao, & Hattar, 2017). Several studies found that the effects of CNO became apparent after 5-10 min, peaked after 45-50 min and lasted for at least 1-6 hr (Alexander et al, 2009;Roelofs et al, 2017;Vardy et al, 2015). Given this activation time course, the DREADD technology is usually preferred over optogenetics when neuronal activity must be sustainably manipulated over longer time periods.…”