A novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from the trypsin hydrolysates of salmon bone proteins

Abstract

When fish are processed, fish bone becomes a key component of the waste, but to date very few researchers have sought to use fish bone to prepare protein hydrolysates as a means of adding value to the final product. This study, therefore, examines the potential of salmon bone, through an analysis of the benefits of its constituent components, namely fat, moisture, protein, and ash. In particular, the study seeks to optimize the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon bone with trypsin in order to produce angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides making use of response surface methodology in combination with central composite design (CCD). Optimum hydrolysis conditions concerning DH (degree of hydrolysis) and ACE-inhibitory activity were initially determined using the response surface model. Having thus determined which of the salmon bone protein hydrolysates (SBPH) offered the greatest level of ACE-inhibitory activity, these SBPH were duly selected to undergo ultrafiltration for further fractionation. It was found that the greatest ACE-inhibitory activity was achieved by the SBPH fraction which had a molecular weight lower than 0.65 kDa. This fraction underwent further purification using RP-HPLC, revealing that the F7 fraction offered the best ACE-inhibitory activity. For ACE inhibition, the ideal peptide in the context of the F7 fraction comprised eight amino acids: Phe-Cys-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Leu-Ala-Arg (FCLYELAR), while analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the FCLYELAR peptide can serve as an uncompetitive ACE inhibitor. An examination of the molecular docking process showed that the FCLYELAR peptide was primarily able to provide ACE-inhibitory qualities as a consequence of the hydrogen bond interactions taking place between ACE and the peptide. Furthermore, upon isolation form the SBPH, the ACE-inhibitory peptide demonstrated ACE-inhibitory capabilities in vitro, underlining its potential for applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Isolation, Virtual Screening, and Evaluation of Hazelnut-Derived Immunoactive Peptides for the Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

“…According to this principle and characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitor (N3), 17 immunomodulatory peptides were identified as M pro inhibitors by virtual screening. First, these peptides were subjected to biological activity using Peptide Ranker and their toxicity was predicted using ToxinPred (Table S1). Then, structures of the above peptides were constructed with Discovery Studio Visualizer.…”

Lemon basil seed-derived peptide: Hydrolysis, purification, and its role as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor that reduces adipogenesis by downregulating SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

“…[ 44 ] have demonstrated the efficacy of RSM in predicting optimal conditions for protein hydrolysate preparation, resulting in antioxidant and diabetic inhibitory activities, respectively. Additionally, the finding of salmon bone protein [ 45 ] exhibited how RSM can adequately predict the optimal conditions for producing bioactive peptides with antihypertension contributing to the enhancement of the bioactivity of protein hydrolysate against diseases.…”

Insight Into the Relation Between Nutritional Benefits of Aquaculture Products and its Consumption Hazards: A Global Viewpoint

“…The collagen hydrolysate of Pangasius pangasius (Pangas catfish) demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties through the activation of the residents and inflammatory tissue macrophages to secrete potent mediators, specifically pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue damage (Sivaraman and Shanthi, 2021). A study by Kaewsahnguan et al (2021) reported that the salmon bone protein peptide consisted of phenylalanine, cystine, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, arginine, and glutamine, and these amino acids showed the greatest angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in ameliorating high blood pressure.…”