A Novel 3D Analytical Scattering Model for Air-to-Ground Fading Channels

Gulfam, Sardar Muhammad; Nawaz, Syed Junaid; Ahmed, Abrar; Patwary, Mohammad; Ni, Qiang

doi:10.3390/app6080207

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Our theoretical models were verified using measurement data for both V2V in [25], [26] and A2A in [27] and [28]. Similar modeling was applied in [29]- [31] for air-to-ground (A2G) channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The highest exponent of variable η is four, which means the resulting curve can have a maximum of four solutions of (31) for a fixed Doppler frequency f d according to Bézout's theorem [41]. The curve C(f d , η) is given by the following expression in (31).…”

Section: Algebraic Analysis Of the Doppler Pdf Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the roots of (29) that indicate locations on the curve with the gradient normal to the η-axis, C(η, f d ) in (31) possesses singular points at locations where [∂C/∂f d , ∂C/∂η] = 0. For the considered case the location of the singular point can be computed in closed form as follows…”

Section: Algebraic Analysis Of the Doppler Pdf Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Non-Stationary 3D Air-to-Air Channels Using the Theory of Algebraic Curves

Walter

Shutin

Matolak

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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Non-stationary channel models play a crucial role in today's communication systems. Mobile-to-mobile channels are known to exhibit non-stationary behavior caused by the movement of transmitter and receiver. Non-stationarity can be addressed by introducing time-variant stochastic functions such as the time-variant instantaneous Doppler probability density function or time-variant instantaneous characteristic function. An algebraic analysis of time-variant Doppler probability density function (pdf) in a classical Cartesian coordinate system is only numerically tractable due to trigonometric functions in the resulting expressions. In contrast, it has been shown that using prolate spheroidal coordinates for 2D vehicle-to-vehicle channels the algebraic analysis becomes analytically tractable. In this paper, the analysis is extended to aircraft-to-aircraft channels. It is shown that the time-variant Doppler pdf can be represented without trigonometric functions. The description of the Doppler frequency in prolate spheroidal coordinates allows to describe it as an algebraic curve. This permits the use of algebraic methods to analyze the Doppler frequency and derive the boundaries of the resulting Doppler pdf. Using the developed tools, we investigated exemplary aircraft-to-aircraft scenarios. However, the methodology can be extended to any aircraft-toaircraft configuration. Index Terms-Characteristic function, Doppler pdf, mobileto-mobile channel, geometry-based stochastic channel modeling, prolate spheroidal coordinates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Algebraic Analysis Of the Doppler Pdf Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Non-Stationary 3D Air-to-Air Channels Using the Theory of Algebraic Curves

Walter

Shutin

Matolak

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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“…A SOFS-based analysis of channel simulators implementing Nakagami fading is presented in [20]. A detailed analysis on characterization of angular spread and SOFS of air-to-ground and different outdoor land-mobile radio communication channels for both empirical and geometric channel models is conducted in [21][22][23][24][25]. A study conducted in [26], presents an analysis on SOFS of mmWave communication channel in outdoor radio propagation environment at 28 GHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Fading Statistics of mmWave (28 GHz and 38 GHz) Outdoor and Indoor Radio Propagation Channels

et al. 2019

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Extension of usable frequency spectrum from microwave to millimeter-wave (mmWave) is one of the key research directions in addressing the capacity demands of emerging 5th-generation communication networks. This paper presents a thorough analysis on the azimuthal multipath shape factors and second-order fading statistics (SOFS) of outdoor and indoor mmWave radio propagation channels. The well-established analytical relationship of plain angular statistics of a radio propagation channel with the channel’s fading statistics is used to study the channel’s fading characteristics. The plain angle-of-arrival measurement results available in the open literature for four different outdoor radio propagation scenarios at 38 GHz, as well as nine different indoor radio propagation scenarios at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands, are extracted by using different graphical data interpretation techniques. The considered quantifiers for energy dispersion in angular domain and SOFS are true standard-deviation, angular spread, angular constriction, and direction of maximum fading; and spatial coherence distance, spatial auto-covariance, average fade duration, and level-crossing-rate; respectively. This study focuses on the angular spread analysis only in the azimuth plane. The conducted analysis on angular spread and SOFS is of high significance in designing modulation schemes, equalization schemes, antenna-beams, channel estimation, error-correction techniques, and interleaving algorithms; for mmWave outdoor and indoor radio propagation environments.

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“…In [24], [25], the authors analyzed the influence of azimuth angle of arrival (AAOA) and elevation angle of arrival (EAOA) on the space-time correlation characteristics of a cylinder GBSM UAV channel model, but the analysis of LCR and AFD was missing in these articles. Based on the sphere GBSM channel model, the authors in [26] derived the expressions of second-order statistical properties, which showed LCR was positively correlated with the carrier frequency. In [27], a 3D cylinder GBSM for UAV channels was proposed and the influence of the Rice factor, angle of arrival (AOA), and angle of departure (AOD) on the LCR and AFD was investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Envelope Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration of a Generic 3D Non-Stationary UAV Channel Model

et al. 2020

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For the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication scenarios, the time-varying fading characteristics cased by the three-dimensional(3D) scattering environment and 3D trajectory have an important impact on establishing the reliable communication link. In this paper, a generic 3D non-stationary geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) for UAV channels is developed. Different from the traditional 3D GBSMs, the proposed model takes the 3D arbitrary trajectories of UAV into account. On this basis, two important second-order statistical properties of fading envelope, i.e., the level crossing rate (LCR) and average fading duration (AFD), are investigated and derived in details. The obtained closed-form expressions are explicit functions of flight parameters and compatible with the results in the previous works. Numerical simulations show that the simulated results are in accordance with the theoretical and measurement data under 3D flight scenarios. The proposed model and statistical properties can be applied to the optimal design of channel coding and block interleave schemes for UAV communication systems. INDEX TERMS unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) channel, channel model, fading envelope, level crossing rate (LCR), average fading duration (AFD). I. INTRODUCTION U NMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) have been attracting more and more attention in the military and civilian fields, such as weather monitoring, forest fire detection, filming, goods transport, and traffic control, for their affordable prices and high flexibility [1]. The UAV-assisted communications have been considered as an important option in the fifth generation (5G) communication systems [2], [3] and are also essential for extending wireless network coverage and relay communications [4], [5]. Due to the high-altitude and high-speed flight of UAV, the propagation environment of UAV communication is quite different from the conventional cellular and vehicular communications [6]. For example, the Doppler frequency changes rapidly due to the three-dimensional (3D) movement of UAV in the 3D space. This would lead to the severe fluctuation of received power and the deterioration of system performance [7], [8]. Therefore, a thorough understanding of UAV channel and its characteristics is vital to guarantee the high-speed transmission and reliability requirements of UAV communication systems. Particularly, it is a hot topic to investigate the statistical properties of UAV channels, such as probability distribution function (PDF), autocorrelation function (ACF), cross-correlation function (CCF), Doppler power spectral density (DPSD), level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD) [9]-[13]. Note that LCR and AFD are two important second-order statistical properties reflecting the fluctuation of fading envelope over time, and they have an important impact on the channel coding and block interleave schemes. However, the investigations of LCR and AFD for UAV channels are very limited compared with other statistical properties.

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A Novel 3D Analytical Scattering Model for Air-to-Ground Fading Channels

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Analysis of Non-Stationary 3D Air-to-Air Channels Using the Theory of Algebraic Curves

Analysis of Non-Stationary 3D Air-to-Air Channels Using the Theory of Algebraic Curves

Characterization of Fading Statistics of mmWave (28 GHz and 38 GHz) Outdoor and Indoor Radio Propagation Channels

Envelope Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration of a Generic 3D Non-Stationary UAV Channel Model

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