A non-GIC mechanism of lithium storage in chemical etched MWNTs

Long‐Cycle Electrochemical Behavior of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized on Stainless Steel in Li Ion Batteries

“…[13,14] Most of the studies involving MWNTs for Li ion batteries use a composite electrode material involving a mixture of CNTs, binder, and in some cases a conducting carbon-black coated onto a conducting substrate. [14,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, there is only one report in the open literature on utilizing MWNTs directly grown on stainless steel as an anode material in a lithium ion battery. [28] This is more or less a fundamental study exploring the redox reactions in a MWNT/stainless steel/Li metal system using cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies without any particular evaluation of Li ion storage capacity using galvanostatic techniques.…”

Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Energy Storage

“…As an allotrope of graphite, CNTs are a good anode material for LIBs due to their unique structure (one-dimensional cylindrical tubule of graphite sheet), high conductivity (10 6 S m À1 at 300 K for SWNTs and >10 5 S m À1 for MWNTs) [106], low density, high rigidity (Young's modulus of the order of 1 TPa) [107,108], and high tensile strength (up to 60 GPa) [109]. Reversible capacities of SWNTs fall anywhere from 300 to 600 mAh g À1 [20,[110][111][112][113][114][115][116], which is significantly higher than graphite. Furthermore, mechanical and chemical treatments to the SWNTs can further increase the reversible capacities up to 1,000 mAh g À1 [117][118][119][120].…”

“…However, there can be other factors that affect the electrochemical performance of CNTs as an anode, which include the CNT surface condition and their length. Surface modification in MWNTs can be achieved through chemical etching, ballmilling, and shortening, and their influence is detailed in Table 18.3 [112,117,[134][135][136][137].…”

“…As a result of chemical etching using nitric acid, a large number of defects and pores were introduced to MWNTs, which can enhance the capacity [112]. This is related to the preferential doping of Li ions onto the reactive defect sites rather than the perfect carbon structure [136].…”

Raman study on electrochemical lithium insertion into multiwalled carbon nanotubes

“…[9][10][11][12][13] It is demonstrated that both pristine and thermally treated thin tubes store Li + via both doping through defects on the outer surface as well as the formation of dilute intercalation compounds in the inter-shell spacing of the tubes.…”