A New Virtual Synchronous Generator Design Based on the SMES System for Frequency Stability of Low-Inertia Power Grids

Abstract

In light of the challenges of integrating more renewable energy sources (RESs) into the utility grid, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) will become an indispensable configuration of modern power systems. RESs are gradually replacing the conventional synchronous generators that are responsible for supplying the utility grid with the inertia damping properties, thus renewable power grids are more vulnerable to disruption than traditional power grids. Therefore, the VSG is presented to mimic the behavior of a real synchronous generator in the power grid through the virtual rotor concept (i.e., which emulates the properties of inertia and damping) and virtual primary and secondary controls (i.e., which emulate the conventional frequency control loops). However, inadequate imitation of the inertia power owing to the low and short-term power of the energy storage systems (ESSs) may cause system instability and fail dramatically. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a VSG based on superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology to emulate the needed inertia power in a short time and thus stabilizing the system frequency at different disturbances. The proposed VSG based on SMES is applied to improve the frequency stability of a real hybrid power grid, Egyptian Power System (EPS), with high renewables penetration levels, nonlinearities, and uncertainties. The performance superiority of the proposed VSG-based SMES is validated by comparing it with the traditional VSG approach based on battery ESSs. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed VSG based on the SMES system could significantly promote ultra-low-inertia renewable power systems for several contingencies.

Optimum Modified Fractional Order Controller for Future Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy-Based Interconnected Power Systems

“…An enhanced performance is obtained in comparison with GA-tuned control methods. Moreover, the particle swarm optimizer algorithm (PSO) has been applied for designing the virtual inertia control system in [24]. In [25], an improved FFOID controller has been presented with ultra-capacitor energy storage device for solving the AGC issues in interconnected power systems.…”

Frequency Regulation of Electric Vehicle-Penetrated Power System Using MPA-Tuned New Combined Fractional Order Controllers

“…Also, in [16], the authors have presented optimum modified FO controller for EVs based on two-area interconnected power systems. Furthermore, virtual inertial controllers have been optimized using the particle swarm optimizer (PSO) algorithm [17]. Moreover, an improved automatic generation control (AGC) method using FFOID has been developed in [18].…”

A Control Strategy for Battery Energy Storage Systems Participating in Primary Frequency Control Considering the Disturbance Type

“…Under continuous disturbance conditions,   fluctuates around 0. Therefore, the disturbance type can be determined according to the value of the frequency deviation change rate, as shown in (18). The empirical value determined according to the actual operation of the regional power grid is denoted by…”

“…A fast response virtual synchronous machine technology based on superconducting magnetic energy storage technology is proposed. It can simulate the required inertial power in a short time, so that the system frequency can be stabilized under different disturbances [18]. Based on Ref.…”

“…Based on Ref. [17,18], the author uses the remaining energy storage (electric vehicle) in the existing system to simulate the inertia of the power system, and further proposes a new integrated inertial control system to enhance the frequency stability of the system [19] . Essentially, virtual inertial control is based on differential control and can respond immediately to frequency changes in the initial state.…”