A New Species of Oxysomatium (Nematoda) with Some Remarks on the Genera Oxysomatium and Aplectana, and Observations on the Life History

The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution

“…The adults of C. dukae live in the intestinal tract of the snail, and second stage juveniles and third stage infectives occur in the mantle cavity. A sibling species of C. dukae occurs in the rectum of frogs and toads (Harwood, 1930;Vanderburgh and Anderson, 1987), but it is likely that molluscs were the original host of Cosmocercoides spp.…”

Endoparasites of the Eastern Narrowmouth Toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis (Anura: Microhylidae), from Northwestern Louisiana and Northeastern Texas, U.S.A.

“…Additional Harwood (1930Harwood ( , 1932 reported both Cosmocercoides dukae (Holl, 1928) Travassos, 1931 and C. variabilis from G. carolinensis, Anderson (2000) referred all infections of C. dukae in toads to C. variabilis. The major difference in the 2 species is the number of rosette papillae of the male: C. dukae with 12 pairs, C. variabilis with 14 to 20 pairs.…”

“…Cosmocercoides variabilis (Harwood, 1930) Travassos, 1931 (Syn: Oxyuris dubia Leidy, 1856; Cosmocercoides dukae (Holl, 1928), in part; Oxysomatium americana (Walton, 1929); Oxysomatium variabilis Harwood, 1930; Oxyuris sp. of Waitz, 1961;Aplectana lynae Kennedy, 1976) Prevalence and intensity: Four of 24 hosts infected (17%, 1.3 6 0.6, 1-2); 2 of 19 (11%, 1.5 6 0.6, 1-2), Caddo Lake State Park, Harrison County, Texas, U.S.A.; 1 of 2 (50%, 2), Bowie County, Texas, U.S.A.; 1 of 3 (33%, 1), Lake Bistineau State Park, Webster Parish, Louisiana, U.S.A.…”

“…Additional Texas records: Ambystoma texanum (Harwood, 1932); black-spotted newt, Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880), (Harwood, 1930); B. nebulifer (Harwood, 1930); G. carolinensis (Harwood, 1930); squirrel treefrog, Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 (Harwood, 1930); Pseudacris triseriata (WiedNeuweid, 1838), (Harwood, 1930); crawfish frog, Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 (Harwood, 1930); R. palustris (Harwood, 1930); R. sphenocephala (Harwood, 1930); eastern glass lizard, Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766), (Harwood, 1930); ground skink, Scincella lateralis (Say, 1823), (Harwood, 1930); eastern hognose snake, Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, 1801 (Harwood, 1930); Texas coral snake, Micrurus tener (Linnaeus, 1766), (Harwood, 1932); brown snake, Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, 1836), (Harwood, 1932); eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758), (Harwood, 1932); ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857), (Harwood, 1932).…”

“…The parasites of G. carolinensis have not been well studied. The only reports include a description of the protozoan, Protoopalina allisteri Delvinquier, Desser, and Johnson, 1995, from G. carolinensis in central Arkansas, U.S.A. , Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) Adamson, 1981, from tadpoles in Alachua County, Florida, U.S.A. (Pryor and Greiner, 2004), and miscellaneous articles by Harwood (1930) and Walton (1938Walton ( , 1941Walton ( , 1964 39N; 93823.19W). The specimens were placed in damp collection bags on ice and returned to the laboratory within 24 hr for processing.…”