A new species-level taxonomy forTrapelia(Trapeliaceae, Ostropomycetidae) with special reference to Great Britain and the Falkland Islands

Abstract

Trapelia is a small genus of worldwide distribution. Trapelia coarctata has long been regarded as a morphologically variable species and phylogenetic studies have suggested that it is non-monophyletic, or at least that species are frequently misidentified. The phylogenetic relationships of freshly-collected material of Trapelia were studied using ITS, mitochondrial SSU rDNA and to a small extent also beta-tubulin sequence data, together with chemical and morphological characters. Sequence data combined with morphology and chemistry confirm that the diversity of the genus at species-level has been underestimated. Trapelia coarctata is defined in a more restricted way and many specimens previously referable to this taxon are assigned to the reinstated species T. elacista, which differs in subtle morphological characters including a crack separating the thallus and apothecium in well-developed thalli. Trapelia involuta is reinstated as a separate, though closely related, species to T. glebulosa based on sequence data, morphology and chemistry, and is lectotypified. Trapelia collaris is a distinctive species described as new from Great Britain which has an extensive, cracked thallus with abruptly thickening marginal areoles arising on an inconspicuous prothallus, relatively small apothecia (rarely exceeding 300 µm diameter) and contains 5-O-methylhiascic acid as the major secondary substance. Trapelia obtegens is shown to include frequent non-sorediate morphs which have doubtless been misidentified as other species. The number of species of Trapelia considered to occur in Europe is thus raised from five to eight. The genus is newly reported for the Falkland Islands where seven species occur: T. coarctata, T. placodioides, T. sitiens sp. nov. (with a thin, extensive thallus, sessile apothecia, 5-O-methylhiascic acid as the major secondary substance and the presence of conidiomata), T. tristis sp. nov. (with relatively small apothecia up to 460 µm diameter, presence of gyrophoric acid as the major substance and an absence of conidiomata) and three unidentified species represented by very sparse material. All the species studied, with the possible exception of the three unidentified species, can usually be distinguished by morphological features, particularly the method of development of the thallus and the shape and distribution of the areoles, but morphological variation in response to microhabitat variation is likely to make a proportion of specimens difficult to assign to species in the absence of sequence data.

Eleven new species of crustose lichenized fungi from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

“…2010; Fryday & Øvstedal 2012; Fryday & Hertel 2014; Fryday et al . 2017 a , b ; Orange 2018; Øvstedal et al . 2018) but, as can be seen from the number of ‘Associated Species’ identified only to genus or included in the keys only as “sp.”, many more remain to be fully investigated.…”

“…2016; Fryday et al . 2017 a , b ; Orange 2018; Øvstedal et al . 2018), many more remain to be fully investigated.…”

“…Recent fieldwork on the Falkland Islands, along with the continued investigation of previously collected material from the archipelago, has made possible the compilation of an annotated checklist of lichens reported from the islands (Fryday et al 2019). However, despite several recent publications describing new taxa from the islands (Fryday & Common 2001;Coppins & Fryday 2006;McCarthy & Fryday 2009;Lumbsch et al 2010;Fryday & Øvstedal 2012;Fryday & Hertel 2014;Søchting et al 2016;Fryday et al 2017a, b;Orange 2018;Øvstedal et al 2018), many more remain to be fully investigated. In order to make the checklist from the islands as comprehensive as possible, this contribution describes 11 new crustose, mainly saxicolous, species in nine genera.…”

Lecidea phaeophysata: a new saxicolous lichen species from western and southern Europe with a key to saxicolous lecideoid lichens present on Atlantic coasts

“…)………………………9Apothecia black………………………4Apothecia brown ( Trapelia and Trapeliopsis spp. )………………………7Thallus shiny, with an epinecral layer; apothecia adnate to sessile; paraphyses ± simple………………………5Thallus matt, without an epinecral layer; apothecia innate; paraphyses branched and anastomosing………………………6Thallus grey……………………… Lecidea grisella Thallus brown……………………… Lecidea fuscoatra Thallus white; cephalodia present……………………… Amygdalaria pelobotryon Thallus dark grey; cephalodia absent……………………… Schaereria fuscocinerea Thallus thin, continuous……………………… Trapelia coarctata *Thallus thicker, placodioid or subsquamulose………………………8* The genus Trapelia in Europe was recently revised (Orange 2018) but as the distributions of the species segregated in that work are currently unclear, we treat only the species in their traditional circumscription.Thallus white, placodioid, usually terricolous; apothecia rare……………………… Trapeliopsis wallrothii Thallus brown-grey, subsquamulose, usually saxicolous; apothecia frequent; ascospores 15–26 × 7–12 μm……………………… Trapelia glebulosa Thallus sorediate……………………… Lecidella scabra Thallus not sorediate………………………10Thallus of corticate granules……………………… Lecidella asema Thallus of blastidia……………………… Lecidella meiococca Thallus K+ red or Pd+ red or yellow………………………12Thallus K+ yellow or K−, Pd−………………………15Thallus K+ red (red crystals in section; norstictic acid)………………………13Thallus K−, Pd+ bright yellow or red………………………14Apothecia ±pruinose; paraphyses simple; ascospores non-halonate……………………… Lecidea lactea Apothecia pruinose; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores halonate……………………… Porpidia platycarpoides Thallus shades of brown, Pd+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); apothecia brown, sessile; ascospores bean-shaped……………………… Fuscidea cyathoides Thallus white, Pd+ bright yellow (psoromic acid); apothecia black, ±immersed; ascospores ellipsoid……………………… Lecidea phaeops Thallus rust red………………………16Thallus white or grey or green, if reddish only patchily due to oxidization………………………17Thallus composed of bullate areoles; apothecia becoming sessile .. Lecidea silacea Thallus of flat areoles; apothecia innate……………………… Tremolecia atrata Medulla I+ violet………………………18Medulla I−………………………22Thallus with tuberculate soralia……………………… Porpidia tuberculosa Thallus lacking soralia………………………19Ascospores narrow ellipsoid, <4 μm wide………………………20Ascospores broad ellipsoid, >5 μm wide………………………21Exciple C+ red (2′- O -methylanziaic acid)……………………… Lecidea diducens Exciple C−……………………… Lecidea auriculata Apothecia innate; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; confluentic acid present (K+ oil droplets in section)……………………… Porpidia speirea Apothecia sessile; paraphyses simple; stictic acid present (K+ yellow solution in section)……………………… Lecidea lapicida Asci multi-spored, >100 ascospores per ascus; apothecia red-brown, blue-grey pruinose……………………… Sarcogyne regularis Ascospores 8 per ascus………………………23Epihymenium K+ crimson; apothecia orange or red ( Protoblastenia sp. ); on calcareous rocks………………………24Epihymenium not K+ crimson; apothecia black or brown; on calcareous or acidic rocks………………………26Thallus distinctly epilithic, often cracked……………………… Protoblastenia rupestris Thallus endolithic to weakly epilithic………………………25Apothecia immersed to semi-immersed in the rock, small, 0·2–0·5 mm, concave, plane or weakly convex.……………………… Protoblastenia incrustans Apothecia sessile, large, 0·4–1·6 mm, convex to strongly convex .. Protoblastenia calva Apothecia rare; pycnidia frequent………………………27Apothecia frequent………………………28Pycnidia stalked; over bryophytes in shaded areas……………………… Micarea botryoides Pycnidia sessile; on rock……………………… Herteliana gagei Thallus composed o...…”

“…* The genus Trapelia in Europe was recently revised (Orange 2018) but as the distributions of the species segregated in that work are currently unclear, we treat only the species in their traditional circumscription.…”