A New Phenomenon in Time Judgment

Cohen, John; Hansel, C. E. M.; Sylvester, John

doi:10.1038/172901a0

Cited by 145 publications

(139 citation statements)

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“…Abbe (1936) has shown that when two equal time intervals are separated by stimuli demarcating different spatial extents, stimuli with a larger spatial extent result in a longer perceived duration of the temporal interval. Similar results have been obtained by Cohen, Hansel, and Sylvester (1953), who labeled their finding the "kappa effect" to distinguish it from the tau effect, and by Price-Williams (1954). The kappa effect has also been shown to occur in various sense modalities, including vision, audition, and touch.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

The auditory tau and kappa effects for speech and nonspeech stimuli

Shigeno

1986

Perception & Psychophysics

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The tau effect, an effect of temporal intervals on the perception of spatial separation or sensory difference, has been observed in various sense modalities, including pitch bisection judgments in audition. However, systematic studies on the mechanism of the auditory tau effect have been rather scarce. In the present study, experiments were carried out using the AXB method to investigate the auditory tau effect on the pitch perception of pure tones (Experiment 1), the auditory tau effect on perception of the lei-Iii, , and the kappa effect-an effect of sensory differences on the perception of temporal intervals-on the perception of pure tones and synthetic vowels (Experiment 3). The results demonstrated that the auditory tau effect occurs not only in the pitch perception of pure tones, but also in the phonetic perception of the III-Iii and Iii-III continua of synthetic vowels. The reverse pattern of results was obtained in the lei-Iii and Iii-lei continua. The kappa effect was found both in the pitch perception of pure tones and in phonetic judgments of synthetic vowels. These findings suggest that the interaction between temporal interval and pitch (or phonetic) perception can be explained on the basis of the integration of forward and backward context effects, and that the auditory tau and kappa effects occur at an early stage of auditory information processing.Many experiments have been conducted on the timespace relationship in perception. For example, the tau effect is usually cited as evidence for the dependence of space perception on time. The tau effect was first identified by Helson (1930) in tactile perception. He found that when two points are stimulated successively, the perceived distance between the points varies as a function of the temporal interval separating the two points. More specifically, if three points are marked off on an observer's skin and the temporal interval between the stimulation of the first and second points is greater than that between the second and third, the observer reports that the spatial distance between the first and second points is greater than that between the second and third, even though, in fact, it may be physically equal or less. A few years later, Geldreigh (1934) demonstrated an analogous effect in visual perception, and Billand Teft (1969) confirmedthis visualtau effect.Meanwhile, Cohen, Hansel, and Sylvester (1954), using the method of adjustment, found an effect similar to the tau effect in bisection judgments for pitch and labeled it the "auditory tau effect." If a subject hears, through headphones, a repeated succession of three different tones 9 of brief and equal duration and is asked to adjust the middle tone to appear to be intermediate in pitch between the other two tones, when the tone is temporally close to either of the two comparison tones it is judged as more different in frequency than when it is more temporally distant. Cohen, Christensen, and Ono (1974) found that this auditory tau effect occurs monaurally as well as binaurally, and they prop...

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supporting

confidence: 75%

The auditory tau and kappa effects for speech and nonspeech stimuli

Shigeno

1986

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…It has also been found (Abe, 1935;Cohen et al, 1953Cohen et al, , 1955Price-Williams, 1954) that an observer's to be greater than t 2 • This tendency in temporal judgments was termed the kappa effect by Cohen et al (1953).…”

Section: University Ojrhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much of Cohen's experimental work on the kappa effect (e.g., Cohen, 1967;Cohen et al, 1953) has been done with T = 1.5 sec (see Figure 1). Higher values have also been used.…”

Section: University Ojrhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination of spatial and temporal intervals defined by three light flashes: Effects of spacing on temporal judgments and of timing on spatial judgments

Collyer

1977

Perception & Psychophysics

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Observers were presented stimulus patterns consisting of a sequence of three laterally displaced light flashes, which defined two spatial intervals and two temporal intervals. The position and time of the second flash were varied factorially, and observers were asked to make relative judgments of either the two spatial intervals or the two temporal intervals. "Induction" effects of stimulus timing on spatial judgments and of stimulus spacing on temporal judgments were both found; however, the directionality of these effects differed between subjects. The results are inconsistent with the hypothesis, derived from previous findings, that such effects are determined primarily by a tendency toward perceiving constant velocity of apparent motion; it is proposed that the directionality of the induction effects is determined largely by the strategy adopted by the observer for combining spatial and temporal stimulus information.

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“…The exponent It is possible to consider the proprioceptive S effect, in that when the objective velocity at which the body rotates is constant, perceived velocity of self-motion increases as the objective range increases. The proprioceptive S effect is similar to the visual S effect (Abbe, 1936) or the (kappa) effect (Cohen, Hansel, & Sylvester, 1953), which means that when two stationary light points are successively presented with a constant time lag, the perceived time interval of the stimulus onset asynchrony increases as the objective distance between the points increases. The proprioceptive S effect, however, was not found in Experiment 1 and was limited to the 9.6º/sec velocity (i.e., the velocity range interaction) or to the tilted roll (i.e., the roll range interaction) in Experiment 2.…”

Section: Proprioceptive Effectmentioning

confidence: 78%