A new PEGDA/CNF aerogel-wet hydrogel scaffold fabricated by a two-step method

Abstract

The scaffold is one of the most important components in tissue engineering.

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…The aerogel enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of nerve cells (PC12 cells), which were attached and extended longer. The high porosity of the cellulose-based aerogel provides high oxygen permeability and accelerates the exchange of metabolic requirements, which has been necessary for the growth and proliferation of cells leading to enhanced cell activity, better adhesion and increased proliferation and number of cells [213]. Chemical modification to enhance the interaction of cells with scaffolds and integrin-based attachment has also been proposed [214,215].…”

Printed aerogels: chemistry, processing, and applications

“…Similarly, 3D aerogel scaffolds cannot be realized through traditional shaping methods without using templates. On the other hand, from digital scaffold designs, 3D printing methods such as stereolithography (SLA), 22 extrusion, 176 or sacrificial 3D printed mould 177 can be used to create 3D aerogel scaffolds with fine structures. As before, the adaptability in the design and adjustment of the channels, pore types, and porosity offers an added advantage.…”

“…Indeed, printed aerogel scaffolds with designed macropores have been demonstrated to achieve better mass transfer performance than non-printed aerogels, [19][20][21] which is critical to applications such as energy storage and tissue engineering. [19][20][21][22][23] Based on the current landscape of aerogels using additive manufacturing technologies, the goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of this rapidly growing research area, discussing the state-of-the-art science, technology and applications. In this review, we first briefly introduce aerogels and functional printing technology to the readers.…”

“…Since then, printing of a wide variety of aerogels, including of graphene, 178 SiO 2 , 179 RF polymer, 180 carbon, 19 cellulose, 181 metal, 54 semiconductor, 182 and g-C 3 N 4 183 have been reported. The technologies that have thus far been used to print aerogels include inkjet for microspheres, 184 inkjet and screen for substrate-bound thinfilms, 182,185 and photopolymerization (light-based printing), 22 extrusion 186 and sacrificial template 177 for 3D form factors. Simplified printing mechanisms of these technologies for aerogels are summarized in Fig.…”

“…223 The key printing methods used are 3D extrusion printing 176,181 or SLA. 22 Nanocelluloses are a family of nanomaterials derived from wood pulp. 224 To date, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) 22,176,216,218,222,[225][226][227][228] and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) 181,[220][221][222]229 have been used to formulate inks for printed aerogels.…”