A New Method for the Detection and Quantification of Residual Volatiles in XLPE Electrical Cable Using Large-Spot Raman Spectroscopy

Kemper, Mark S.; Philippczyk, C; Rayzak, R J; Waschk, V.

doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2089704

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The convective heat flux at this interface is computed using Equation 15while the heat transfer coefficient, h, for the natural convection heat transfer at this interface is computed using Equation (16). With all the described conditions, the temperature profile of the cable, water and casing wall are estimated using Equation (10).…”

Section: Cooling Section Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have been performed, either experimentally [7][8][9][10][11][12] or numerically [1,3,[12][13][14][15][16][17]] to better understand byproduct transport and removal during the degassing process. The initial distribution of a byproduct in a cable, which depends on byproduct generation and transport during cable production, has been shown to affect the degassing process [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Study of CH4 Generation and Transport in XLPE-Insulated Cables in Continuous Vulcanization

Ruslan

Youn

Aarons³

et al. 2020

Materials

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In this work, we apply a computational diffusion model based on Fick’s laws to study the generation and transport of methane (CH 4 ) during the production of a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cable. The model takes into account the heating process in a curing tube where most of the cross-linking reaction occurs and the subsequent two-stage cooling process, with water and air as the cooling media. For the calculation of CH 4 generation, the model considers the effect of temperature on the cross-linking reaction selectivity. The cross-linking reaction selectivity is a measure of the preference of cumyloxy to proceed either with a hydrogen abstraction reaction, which produces cumyl alcohol, or with a β -scission reaction, which produces acetophenone and CH 4 . The simulation results show that, during cable production, a significant amount of CH 4 is generated in the XLPE layer, which diffuses out of the cable and into the conductor part of the cable. Therefore, the diffusion pattern becomes a non-uniform radial distribution of CH 4 at the cable take-up point, which corresponds well with existing experimental data. Using the model, we perform a series of parametric studies to determine the effect of the cable production conditions, such as the curing temperature, line speed, and cooling water flow rate, on CH 4 generation and transport during cable production. The results show that the curing temperature has the largest impact on the amount of CH 4 generated and its distribution within the cable. We found that under similar curing and cooling conditions, varying the line speed induces a notable effect on the CH 4 transport within the cable, while the cooling water flow rate had no significant impact.

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Section: Cooling Section Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Study of CH4 Generation and Transport in XLPE-Insulated Cables in Continuous Vulcanization

Ruslan

Youn

Aarons³

et al. 2020

Materials

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“…To properly remove such byproducts from the cables, a thermal treatment process, namely byproduct degassing, becomes increasingly important. The byproduct transport phenomenon during the degassing was analyzed experimentally [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] and numerically [ 1 , 4 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Among the studies, Youn et al [ 4 ] found that the initial concentration distribution plays a crucial role in determining the degassing efficiency, and the distribution is majorly based on the cable production phase called the continuous vulcanization (CV) process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Analysis of a Continuous Vulcanization Line to Enhance CH4 Reduction in XLPE-Insulated Cables

Ruslan

Youn

Aarons³

et al. 2021

Materials

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Herein, we apply a computational diffusion model based on Fick’s law to study the manner in which a cable production line and its operating conditions can be enhanced to effectively reduce the CH4 concentration in cables insulated with cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). Thus, we quantitatively analyze the effect of the conductor temperature, curing tube temperature distribution, transition zone length, and online relaxation on CH4 generation and transport during the production of 132 kV cables with an insulation thickness of 16.3 mm. Results show that the conductor temperature, which is initially controlled by a preheater, and the curing tube temperature distribution considerably affect the CH4 concentration in the cable because of their direct impact on the insulation temperature. The simulation results show 2.7% less CH4 remaining in the cable when the preheater is set at 160 C compared with that when no preheater is used. To study the curing tube temperature distribution, we consider three distribution patterns across the curing tube: constant temperature and linear incremental and decremental temperature. The amount of CH4 remaining in the cable when the temperature was linearly increased from 300 to 400 C was 1.6% and 3.7% lower than in the cases with a constant temperature at 350 C and a linear temperature decrease from 400 to 300 C, respectively. In addition, simulations demonstrate that the amount of CH4 removal from the cable can be increased up to 9.7% by applying an elongated and insulated transition zone, which extends the residence time for CH4 removal and decelerates the decrease in cable temperature. Finally, simulations show that the addition of the online relaxation section can reduce the CH4 concentration in the cable because the high cable temperature in this section facilitates CH4 removal up to 2.2%, and this effect becomes greater at low production speeds.

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“…Lastly, based on the type of incident signals, reflectometry methodologies such as time domain reflectometry (TDR) [14], spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) [16], time-frequency domain reflectometry (TFDR) [17], and power line modems TFDR [18] have been applied to fault detection in power cables. Additionally, a diagnostic technique for underground DC cables using high-frequency noise patterns [19] and a Raman spectroscopic measurement technique for monitoring the degassing process of cross-linked polyethylene cables have been developed [20]. However, HTS cables are still in relative infancy compared to conventional cables, and condition monitoring techniques optimized for HTS cables have rarely been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condition Monitoring of 154 kV HTS Cable Systems via Temporal Sliding LSTM Networks

et al. 2020

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High-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables are expected to be installed in cable tunnels that are already constructed in urban districts. Therefore, the installation of normal joint boxes is inevitable, and it is necessary to develop a diagnostic methodology that considers both the existence of the joints and the electrical characteristics of HTS cables. In this work, temporal sliding long short-term memory (TS-LSTM) is proposed to estimate the locations of the joints that can be hidden by multiple reflections. TS-LSTM includes short-term TS-LSTM and long-term TS-LSTM for analyzing various time dependencies. The reflected signals of the actual joints, which are distinguished from multiple reflections, are analyzed via the chirplet transform (CT) which is one of the time-frequency (TF) analysis methods. The proposed condition monitoring method is applied to an AC 154 kV 600 MVA HTS cable system (1 km) connected to a real power grid network in Jeju, South Korea. For the validation of the proposed methodology, the dielectric and electrical characteristics of the 154 kV HTS cable system are monitored during the cooling process. INDEX TERMS Condition monitoring, long short-term memory (LSTM), superconducting cable, temporal sliding LSTM (TS-LSTM) networks, time-frequency analysis.

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A New Method for the Detection and Quantification of Residual Volatiles in XLPE Electrical Cable Using Large-Spot Raman Spectroscopy

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Numerical Study of CH4 Generation and Transport in XLPE-Insulated Cables in Continuous Vulcanization

Numerical Study of CH4 Generation and Transport in XLPE-Insulated Cables in Continuous Vulcanization

Numerical Analysis of a Continuous Vulcanization Line to Enhance CH4 Reduction in XLPE-Insulated Cables

Condition Monitoring of 154 kV HTS Cable Systems via Temporal Sliding LSTM Networks

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