A New High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method Based on Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of the Mycotoxin Fusarin C in Corn Ears and Processed Corn Samples

Kleigrewe, Karin; Söhnel, Anna-Carina; Humpf, Hans‐Ulrich

doi:10.1021/jf2026814

Cited by 45 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A similar decay was formerly observed in an IMI58289-derived mutant under different culture conditions (2). However, compared to the high instability in the light, our results indicated that fusarins were relatively stable under darkness, which is in agreement with recent data (18).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Identification and Regulation offusA, the Polyketide Synthase Gene Responsible for Fusarin Production in Fusarium fujikuroi

Díaz-Sánchez

Ávalos

Limón

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Fusarins are a class of mycotoxins of the polyketide family produced by different Fusarium species, including the gibberellinproducing fungus Fusarium fujikuroi. Based on sequence comparisons between polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes for fusarin production in other Fusarium strains, we have identified the F. fujikuroi orthologue, called fusA. The participation of fusA in fusarin biosynthesis was demonstrated by targeted mutagenesis. Fusarin production is transiently stimulated by nitrogen availability in this fungus, a regulation paralleled by the fusA mRNA levels in the cell. Illumination of the cultures results in a reduction of the fusarin content, an effect partially explained by a high sensitivity of these compounds to light. Mutants of the fusA gene exhibit no external phenotypic alterations, including morphology and conidiation, except for a lack of the characteristic yellow and/or orange pigmentation of fusarins. Moreover, the fusA mutants are less efficient than the wild type at degrading cellophane on agar cultures, a trait associated with pathogenesis functions in Fusarium oxysporum. The fusA mutants, however, are not affected in their capacities to grow on plant tissues.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Identification and Regulation offusA, the Polyketide Synthase Gene Responsible for Fusarin Production in Fusarium fujikuroi

Díaz-Sánchez

Ávalos

Limón

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Moreover, the present study reports data on the natural content of Fusarin C, whose presence has only been reported in South Africa in selected maize kernels (Gelderblom et al, 1984) and in Germany in whole maize and feed samples, but on those occasions the levels of contamination were at least 10 times lower (Kleigrewe et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

et al. 2017

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Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites represent the most insidious safety risks to cereal food and the feed chain. Optimising agronomic practices is one of the main strategies adopted to minimise the contents of these undesirable substances in grain-based commodities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of sowing times and hybrids on the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in maize. Field experiments were carried out in 2 sowing times (early vs late) and 3 maize hybrids were compared in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Overall, 37 fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species were detected. Apart from fumonisins type B (FBs), other metabolites produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, such as fumonisins type A, fusaric acid, bikaverin and fusaproliferin, were also detected in all of the samples. Fusarin C was found in 61% of the samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin and zearalenone, all of which are produced prevalently by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, were found in all the samples. Their contents were clearly affected by the meteorological trend: the highest contamination was detected in the 2014 growing season, which was characterised by abundant rainfall and lower temperatures from flowering to maize ripening. Among the mycotoxins produced by other Fusarium species, aurofusarin was found to clearly be associated with DON, while moniliformin and beauvericin followed the same behaviour as the FBs.A late sowing time significantly increased the FBs and fumonisin-associated mycotoxins in both growing seasons. The increase in contamination with the delay of sowing was more pronounced in the 2015 growing season, as the environmental conditions were less favourable to the infection of other Fusarium species. The effect of sowing time on DON and DON-associated mycotoxins produced conflicting results for the two growing seasons, because contamination by these metabolites depends more on the conditions that occur during maize flowering than those that occur during ripening. A clearer hybrid susceptibility was observed for these compounds. Other metabolites, such as enniatins, equisetin, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria toxins, were always found in traces. The occurrence of these metabolites seems to be influenced less by the considered agronomic practices.The results, obtained under naturally-infected field conditions, underline the key role that the sowing date and hybrid susceptibility play in influencing, in a variable way, the contamination of mycotoxins produced by different Fusarium species in maize subjected to different meteorological conditions. The content of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. section Liseola is more directly and steadily related to late sowing time, while the contamination of mycotoxins associated to Fusarium spp. section Discolor depends more strongly on the environmental conditions at maize flowering and on hybrid susceptibility.

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“…Cracked corn cultures were extracted with acetonitrile:water (1:1) as previously described (Proctor et al, 1999b). Care was taken to utilize conditions that would minimize decomposition of fusarin C in all samples (Maragos et al, 2008;Kleigrewe et al, 2011). The fumonisin, fusarin C and bikaverin content of liquid culture media or cracked corn extracts was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS).…”

Section: Metabolite Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitation was done by comparison of the FB1, 2 and 3 chromatographic peak areas to those for fumonisin concentration standards. LC-MS/MS determination of fusarin C was done by monitoring several distinctive fragments (m/z 364, 382, 394) of the [M + H]+ ion (m/z 432) in manner similar to that previously described (Maragos et al, 2008;Kleigrewe et al, 2011). Quantitation was based on comparison of the chromatographic peak area for the m/z 364 ion to those for fusarin C concentration standards.…”

Section: Metabolite Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lae1 regulates expression of multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters in Fusarium verticillioides

Butchko

Brown

Busman

et al. 2012

Fungal Genetics and Biology

102

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A New High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method Based on Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of the Mycotoxin Fusarin C in Corn Ears and Processed Corn Samples

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Identification and Regulation offusA, the Polyketide Synthase Gene Responsible for Fusarin Production in Fusarium fujikuroi

Identification and Regulation offusA, the Polyketide Synthase Gene Responsible for Fusarin Production in Fusarium fujikuroi

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

Lae1 regulates expression of multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters in Fusarium verticillioides

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