A new genus of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the Tocantins River basin (Goiás, Brazil), and a phylogenetic analysis of the Parastenocaridinae

Abstract

Eirinicaris antonioi gen. et sp. n. (Parastenocaridinae) is described from the Brazilian rocky savannas, an ecosystem under heavy anthropogenic pressure. The subfamily is distributed worldwide, with representatives in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. This is the first time a non-Remaneicaris Parastenocaridinae is described from a Neotropical region indicating that Parastenocaridinae species were already present in a vast geographical area, before the split of the Gondwana. The new taxon is included within the subfamily Parastenocaridinae based on the following characters: 1) segments 5, 6, and 7 of the male antennules forming a functional unit for clasping the female; 2) segment 7 with small process at the inner margin, forming an incipient "pocket-knife" structure with segment 6; 3) last segment pointing medially when closed; 4) the endopod of female leg 3 one-segmented and spiniform, without distal seta; 5) the apophysis and terminal seta of the exopod of male leg 3 are fused; 6) the genital field is rectangular and much broader than the height in the female; 7) the group of three lateral setae I, II, and III of the furca and the dorsal seta are situated at the same level in the female; and 8) the basis of leg 1 has an inner seta. The new taxon can be distinguished from all other Parastenocaridinae genera by the unique sexually dimorphic telson and furca. In the male, the dorsal seta is inserted at the midlength of the furca and setae I, II, and III are displaced anteroventrally. A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Parastenocaridinae is given based on the description of the type species of each genus and available descriptions of all Parastenocaridinae species. Eirinicaris gen. n. is the sister taxon of a clade formed by Kinnecaris and Monodicaris, sharing with them the long male and female leg 5 with a long spiniform process, and with Kinnecaris, a distal pore on the spiniform process.

Morphological and molecular characterization of three new Parastenocarididae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from caves in Southern Italy

“…nov. and the other including all the analysed Stammericaris spp. Our data confirm what was reported in a recent phylogenetic analysis of all the genera included in the subfamily Parastenocaridinae(Corgosinho et al 2017), where Cottarellicaris and Stammericaris are reported as a monophyletic separate group within the subfamily. The relationships among the analysed Stammericaris spp.…”

First report of the genus Bicorniphontodes (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Ancorabolidae) in South Korea, with descriptions of three new species

“…21 ). The values of Ci and Ri indices were generally low compared with previous phylogenetic studies of benthic harpacticoids that showed high rates of convergence within the taxon group ( e.g ., Karanovic & Hancock, 2009 ; Karanovic, Kim & Lee, 2015 ; Corgosinho et al, 2017 ). In both most parsimonious cladograms, the monophyly of Bicorniphontodes was supported, with a 100% bootstrap value indicating the well-defined ingroup by five unambiguous synapomorphies ( Table 1 ): hyaline frills of free body somites are serrate or crenate (character no.…”

A new genus of Parastenocarididae Chappuis, 1940 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Amazonian Region, Brazil, with close affinity to Murunducaris Reid, 1994

“…This condition is present in Fontinalicaridinae and Parastenocaridinae (see Ranga Reddy et al, 2014, fig. 9 andCorgosinho et al, 2017b). However, the spinules present in Santaremicaris gen. nov. are longer and more numerous than in other Neotropical species.…”

“…To our knowledge, such armature was never described for a Fontinalicaridinae species, occurring convergently only in some groups of species within the Parastenocaridinae. When a seta occurs on the inner margin of the P1 basis within Parastenocarididae, it is not dimorphic in shape, differing at most in length (e.g., Eirinicaris antonioi Corgosinho, Schizas, Previattelli, Rocha and Santos-Silva, 2017b). The absence of a modified medial spine in the male P1 basipodite is considered a synapomorphy for Psammonitocrella Huys, 2009 andParastenocarididae (see Martínez Arbizu andMoura, 1994;Corgosinho et al, 2020), and is a condition present in the ground pattern of the Fontinalicaridinae.…”

“…According to Schminke (2010), there is no distal spine on the apophysis of a Parastenocaridinae. The presence of this armature in Fontinalicaridinae and its absence in Parastenocaridinae is considered a plesiomorphic and an apomorphic condition, respectively (Corgosinho et al, 2017b). Within the Fontinalicaridinae, an apophysis with a distal spine occurs in Fontinalicaris, Proserpinicaris partim, Murunducaris, some species of Forficatocaris and Potamocaris, S. sandhya and Siolicaris xyrophora (Noodt and Galhano, 1969), N. tapajoensis and N. kubitzkii, and other fontinalicaridids still included in the genus Parastenocaris, such as Pa. fossoris, and perhaps in the Portuguese Proserpinicaris cruzi (Noodt and Galhano, 1969) (incertae sedis).…”