A new frontier in CO2 flux measurements using a highly portable DIAL laser system

Queiβer, Manuel; Granieri, Domenico; Burton, Mike

doi:10.1038/srep33834

Cited by 33 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Here, we have extended this earlier work to demonstrate that DIAL-lidars can successfully detect volcanic CO 2 at tens of ppmv above the atmospheric background over optical paths up to ≈3 km (Figures 4, 5). Similar results have recently been obtained at Campi Flegrei volcano by Queißer et al (2016), suggesting that lidar may soon become an important operational tool in volcanic-gas research.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Our reported lidar-based CO 2 fluxes at Stromboli volcano (1.8 ± 0.5 to 32.1 ± 8.0 kg/s) are in the same range as those obtained using standard techniques that require in-situ observations and are intrinsically more risky for operators. Our results, with those of Queißer et al (2016), open new prospects for the use of lidars for instrumental remote monitoring of volcanic CO 2 flux. Further work is warranted in order to standardize and widen potential applications of Lasers in volcanic gas studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Here, we extend this work by reporting on a successful CO 2 flux detection at Stromboli over a far longer optical path (∼3 km distance from the vents). Results of this proof-ofconcept experiment confirm lidars as promising tools for remote monitoring of the volcanic CO 2 flux Queißer et al, 2016). …”

supporting

confidence: 61%

“…A major breakthrough has recently arisen from the possible application of lidars to remote volcanic CO 2 sensing (Fiorani et al, 2013(Fiorani et al, , 2016Aiuppa et al, 2015;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016. Aiuppa et al (2015) were the first to report on a DIALlidar-based remote measurement of the volcanic CO 2 flux at Campi Flegrei volcano, but their observations were limited to short (<200 m) measurement distances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DIAL-lidars (Weitkamp, 2005;Fiorani, 2007) use backscattering of artificial light (laser) from atmospheric back-scatterers and/or from the volcanic plume itself, and are therefore potentially ideal for remote volcanic CO 2 detection (Fiorani et al, 2013;Queißer et al, 2015Queißer et al, , 2016.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

et al. 2017

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We report here on the results of a proof-of-concept study aimed at remotely sensing the volcanic CO 2 flux using a Differential Adsorption lidar (DIAL-lidar). The observations we report on were conducted in June 2014 on Stromboli volcano, where our lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) was used to scan the volcanic plume at ∼3 km distance from the summit vents. The obtained results prove that a remotely operating lidar can resolve a volcanic CO 2 signal of a few tens of ppm (in excess to background air) over km-long optical paths. We combine these results with independent estimates of plume transport speed (from processing of UV Camera images) to derive volcanic CO 2 flux time-series of ≈16-33 min temporal resolution. Our lidar-based CO 2 fluxes range from 1.8 ± 0.5 to 32.1 ± 8.0 kg/s, and constrain the daily averaged CO 2 emissions from Stromboli at 8.3 ± 2.1 to 18.1 ± 4.5 kg/s (or 718-1565 tons/day). These inferred fluxes fall within the range of earlier observations at Stromboli. They also agree well with contemporaneous CO 2 flux determinations (8.4-20.1 kg/s) obtained using a standard approach that combines Multi-GAS-based in-plume readings of the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio (≈8) with UV-camera sensed SO 2 fluxes (1.5-3.4 kg/s). We conclude that DIAL-lidars offer new prospects for safer (remote) instrumental observations of the volcanic CO 2 flux.Keywords: volcanic CO 2 , DIAL-lidar, Stromboli, remote sensing, CO 2 flux INTRODUCTION A major step forward in ground-based volcano monitoring has recently arisen from the advent of modern instrumental techniques and networks for volcanic gas observations (Galle et al., 2010;Oppenheimer et al., 2014;Saccorotti et al., 2014;Fischer and Chiodini, 2015). Such technical advances provide improved temporal resolution relative to traditional direct sampling techniques (Symonds et al., 1994;Giggenbach, 1996). As longer-term volcanic gas records increase in number and quality, full empirical evidence is finally emerging for increased CO 2 flux emissions prior to eruption of mafic to intermediate volcanoes (Aiuppa, 2015). Precursory plume CO 2 flux increases have been now detected at several volcanoes, including Etna (Aiuppa et al., 2008;Patanè et al., 2013), Kilauea (Poland et al., 2012), Redoubt (Werner et al., 2013), Turrialba (de Moor et al., 2016a), and Poas (de Moor et al., 2016b).At Stromboli (in Italy), however, CO 2 flux observations have been particularly valuable for interpreting, and eventually predicting, the volcano's behavior (Aiuppa et al., 2010a Stromboli, the "regular" mild strombolian activity is occasionally interrupted by larger-scale vulcanian-style explosions, locally referred as "major explosions" or (in the most extreme events) "paroxysms" (Rosi et al., 2006(Rosi et al., , 2013Andronico and Pistolesi, 2010;Pistolesi et al., 2011;Pioli et al., 2014). These explosions, although short-lived (tens of seconds to a few minutes), represent a real hazard for local populations, tourists and volcanologists, since they produce fallout of coarse pyroclastic materials over w...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

supporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

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CO₂ flux from Javanese mud volcanism

et al. 2017

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Studying the quantity and origin of CO 2 emitted by back‐arc mud volcanoes is critical to correctly model fluid‐dynamical, thermodynamical, and geochemical processes that drive their activity and to constrain their role in the global geochemical carbon cycle. We measured CO 2 fluxes of the Bledug Kuwu mud volcano on the Kendeng Fold and thrust belt in the back arc of Central Java, Indonesia, using scanning remote sensing absorption spectroscopy. The data show that the expelled gas is rich in CO 2 with a volume fraction of at least 16 vol %. A lower limit CO 2 flux of 1.4 kg s −1 (117 t d −1 ) was determined, in line with the CO 2 flux from the Javanese mud volcano LUSI. Extrapolating these results to mud volcanism from the whole of Java suggests an order of magnitude total CO 2 flux of 3 kt d −1 , comparable with the expected back‐arc efflux of magmatic CO 2 . After discussing geochemical, geological, and geophysical evidence we conclude that the source of CO 2 observed at Bledug Kuwu is likely a mixture of thermogenic, biogenic, and magmatic CO 2 , with faulting controlling potential pathways for magmatic fluids. This study further demonstrates the merit of man‐portable active remote sensing instruments for probing natural gas releases, enabling bottom‐up quantification of CO 2 fluxes.

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