A new device for the study of water vapour condensation and gaseous deposition to plant surfaces and particle samples

Burkhardt, J.; Gerchau, Jörg

doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90470-7

Cited by 39 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Ammonium plays a more important role in soils of forest ecosystems as compared with agricultural soils, where good aeration and neutral pH favour nitrification processes and cause nitrate to prevail (Glass & Siddiqi, 1995). In addition to root absorption, N can also be taken up by above-ground parts of plants either in a gaseous form, mainly as NH $ and NO # (Nussbaum et al, 1993 ;Pearson & Stewart, 1993 ;Weber et al, 1995), or in a dissolved form as ammonium and nitrate (Brumme, Leimcke & Matzner, 1992 ;Burkhardt & Eiden, 1994).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble N compounds in trees exposed to high loads of N: a comparison between the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees grown under field conditions

et al. 1998

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During the growing session of 1995, the total soluble non‐protein nitrogen (TSNN) composition and contents of mycorrhizal fine roots, xylem sap and phloem exudates of roots from a coniferous (Picea abies L.(Karst)) and a deciduous (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree species were analysed at a field site (‘Höglwald’, Germany) exposed to high loads of N. In April, TSNN in fine roots of spruce and beech trees amounted to 16 μmol N g−1 f. wt and 23·3 μmol N g−1 f. wt, respectively. It decreased to 9·2 μmol N g−1 f. wt and 18·1 μmol N g−1 f. wt, respectively, after bud break in June. The seasonal maximum of TSNN in fine roots of spruce was observed in July (32·7 μmol N g−1 f. wt) followed by a decline of c. 30% until the end of the growing season in September. TSNN in fine roots of beech trees showed a further decline between June and July, when its seasonal minimum was determined (15·6 μmol N g−1 f. wt), and increased to c. 29 μmol N g−1 f. wt until September. In spruce roots Gln and Arg were the most abundant TSNN compounds during the entire growing season. In roots of beech Asn played an important role alongside Gln and Arg, especially in April, when it was the most abundant TSNN compound. Other proteinogenic and non‐proteinogenic N compounds comprised c. 20–30% of TSNN. Nitrate made up <1%, and ammonium <7% of TSNN in the fine roots of both species. In April, TSNN in the xylem sap of roots of spruce and beech trees amounted to 3·4 and 8·6 μmol N ml−1, respectively. In roots of spruce trees xylem sap TSNN increased after bud break up to 12·7 μmol N ml−1 in July. At the end of the growing season TSNN had declined again to 3·9 μmol N ml−1. TSNN in the root xylem sap of beech trees decreased after bud break until July (2·4 μmol N ml−1 in July) followed by a slight increase until September (2·9 μmol N ml−1). Arg, Gln and Asp were the most abundant TSNN compounds in the xylem sap of spruce trees contributing together c. 90% to TSNN. The same TSNN compounds prevailed in the root xylem sap of beech trees in April and July, whereas in June and September Asp was replaced by Asn comprising 57% of TSNN in June. In addition to the N compounds mentioned above, a number of other proteinogenic and non‐proteinogenic amino compounds were found in root xylem sap of both species. In either species, nitrate and ammonium were present in small amounts, contributing <1% and <4% to TSNN, respectively. Apparently, inorganic N taken up by the mycorrhizal roots is mainly assimilated in root tissues or by the mycorrhiza and N uptake by the roots is largely adapted to the assimilatory capacity of this organ. In phloem exudates of spruce roots, TSNN amounted to 10·7 μmol N g−1 f. wt in April, increased in June to 23·4 μmol N g−1 f. wt and decreased again until September to a seasonal minimum of 4·8 μmol N g−1 f. wt. In contrast to spruce, TSNN content in phloem exudates of beech roots showed a seasonal maximum (c. 20 μmol N g−1 f. wt) in April with a subsequent decrease in June after bud break (c. 2 μmol N g−1 f. wt). A fourfold increase in July was foll...

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble N compounds in trees exposed to high loads of N: a comparison between the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees grown under field conditions

et al. 1998

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“…This finding might explain the concentration-dependent nature of deposition of NH $ onto the leaf surface which was found in this study at rh 40 %. At greater air humidities ( 40 %) it can be assumed that thin films of water on the leaf surface serve as additional sinks for NH $ (Burkhardt & Eiden, 1994), and might be responsible for the NH $ conductance of beech leaves at 85 % rh being 2n5-fold higher than the predicted NH $ conductance. Under field conditions the NH % + dissolved in these water films might be removed from leaves by precipitation (Rennenberg & Geßler, 1999) or re-emitted as NH $ from drying water films (Sutton et al, 1995).…”

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“…In addition, both gaseous (NH $ , NO # ) and dissolved (NH % + , NO $ − , NO # − ) reactive N compounds can be taken up by above-ground plant parts through the stomata (Van Hove et al, 1989 ;Thoene et al, 1991 ;Brumme et al, 1992 ;Pearson & Stewart, 1993 ;Burkhardt & Eiden, 1994 ;Geßler & Rennenberg, 1998), and subsequently are dissolved in the aqueous phase of the apoplast (Rennenberg & Geßler, 1999). Compared with that of NH $ and NO # , the uptake of atmospheric NO is negligible owing to its weak solubility in aqueous solutions .…”

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“…Under field conditions the NH % + dissolved in these water films might be removed from leaves by precipitation (Rennenberg & Geßler, 1999) or re-emitted as NH $ from drying water films (Sutton et al, 1995). Moreover, NH % + might pass the stomata by diffusion within the water films that are connected with the aqueous phase of the apoplast (Burkhardt & Eiden, 1994), and might then serve as an N source for the plants (Peuke et al, 1998).…”

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NH₃ and NO₂ fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters

2000

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The dynamic-chamber technique was used to investigate the correlation between NH $ and NO # fluxes and different climatic and physiological parameters : air temperature ; relative air humidity ; photosynthetic photon fluence rate ; NH $ and NO # concentrations ; transpiration rate ; leaf conductance for water vapour ; and photosynthetic activity. The experiments were performed with twigs from the sun crown of mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) at a field site (Ho$ glwald, Germany), and with 12-wk-old beech seedlings under controlled conditions. Both sets of experiments showed that NO # and NH $ fluxes depended linearly on NO # and NH $ concentration, respectively, in the concentration ranges representative for the field site studied, and on watervapour conductance as a measure for stomatal aperture. The NO # compensation point determined in the field studies (the atmospheric NO # concentration with no net NO # flux) was 1n8-1n9 nmol mol −" . The NH $ compensation point varied between 3n3 and 3n5 nmol mol −" in the field experiments, and was 3n0 nmol mol −" in the experiments under controlled conditions. The climatic factors T and PPFR were found to influence both NO # and NH $ fluxes indirectly, by changing stomatal conductance. Whilst NO # flux showed a response to changing relative humidity that could be explained by altered stomatal conductance, increased NH $ flux with increasing relative humidity ( 50 %) depended on other factors. The exchange of NO # between above-ground parts of beech trees and the atmosphere could be explained exclusively by uptake or emission of NO # through the stomata, as indicated by the quotient between measured and predicted NO # conductance of approx. 1 under all environmental conditions examined. Neither internal mesophyll resistances nor additional sinks could be observed for adult trees or for beech seedlings. By contrast, the patterns of NH $ flux could not be explained by an exclusive exchange of NH $ through the stomata. Deposition into additional sinks on the leaf surface, as indicated by an increase in the quotient between measured and predicted NH $ conductance, gained importance in high air humidity, when the stomata were closed or nearly closed and\or when atmospheric NH $ concentrations were high. Although patterns of NH $ gas exchange did not differ between different months or years at high NH $ concentrations (c. 140 nmol mol −" ), it must be assumed that emission or deposition fluxes at low ambient NH $ concentration (0n8 and 4n5 nmol mol −" ) might vary significantly with time because of variation in the NH $ compensation point.

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“…Nitrogen can be taken up by above-ground parts of plants in gaseous form (Nussbaum et al, 1993 ;Pearson & Stewart, 1993 ;Weber et al, 1995 ;Muller et al, 1996), mainly as NH $ and NO # , or in dissolved form (Brumme, Leimcke & Matzner, 1992 ;Burkhardt & Eiden, 1994) as ammonium and nitrate. Since the ' Ho$ glwald ' field site analysed in this study is exposed to high loads of N from wet deposition (Go$ ttlein & Kreutzer, 1991) considerable amounts of atmospheric N are almost certainly taken up by above-ground parts of the adult spruce and beech trees.…”

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Field and laboratory experiments on net uptake of nitrate and ammonium by the roots of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees

et al. 1998

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During the vegetation periods 1994 and 1995, net uptake of nitrate and ammonium by roots of adult spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees was studied at a field site exposed to high loads of N (' Ho$ glwald ', Germany). In addition, uptake experiments were carried out under controlled conditions with young spruce and beech trees grown at normal N supply.In the field, nitrate was not taken up by the roots of spruce trees in appreciable amounts. This was also true for beech except during September 1995. Apparently, beech trees was capable of taking up nitrate, but the environmental condition prevailing at the field site usually prevented net uptake. Net uptake of ammonium in both tree species showed a seasonal course, with maximum rates in mid summer. Rates of ammonium uptake by both species correlated with soil temperature at the field site.Laboratory experiments on the influence of root temperature on uptake of nitrate indicated that uptake rates at temperatures found in the field were low compared with the uptake capacity at optimum temperature. At temperatures of 10 and 15 mC, frequently found in the soil at the field site, net uptake of nitrate by spruce and beech amounted to c. 16 % and 11 %, respectively, of maximum uptake at 25 mC. By contrast, net uptake of ammonium at 10 mC reached 73 % and 31 % of the maximum uptake for spruce and beech trees, respectively. Independent of temperature, rates of nitrate uptake were considerably lower than those of ammonium. In young spruce and beech trees, net uptake of nitrate was significantly inhibited by ammonium at nitrate : ammonium ratios found in the soil solution at the forest site. Preincubation of roots of both species, with amino acids present in the phloem of adult trees at the field site, led to an increase in the amino acid pool in the roots. For spruce trees a correlation between inhibition of uptake of nitrate and enrichment of the roots with the amino compounds Glu, γ-amino butyric acid (Gaba), Gln, and Asn was observed. In beech trees, enrichment of Asp and Gln in the roots correlated with a decrease in net uptake of nitrate. The results of laboratory experiments on the effects of temperature, the nitrate to ammonium ratio in the nutrient solution, and amino acid enrichment in the roots are discussed with special emphasis on the patterns of net uptake of ammonium and nitrate observed in the field.Key words : Nitrate uptake, ammonium uptake, soil temperature, nitrate to ammonium ratio, amino acids. In forest ecosystems, nitrate and ammonium are the most abundant N compounds available to the roots * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail : here!sun2.ruf.uni-freiburg.de of trees. Total amounts of nitrate and ammonium, and the ratio of nitrate to ammonia depend on quality and quantity of N input and on the balance of ammonification, nitrification, immobilization and denitrification processes in the soil (Haynes & Goh,

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A new device for the study of water vapour condensation and gaseous deposition to plant surfaces and particle samples

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Soluble N compounds in trees exposed to high loads of N: a comparison between the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees grown under field conditions

Soluble N compounds in trees exposed to high loads of N: a comparison between the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees grown under field conditions

NH₃ and NO₂ fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters

Field and laboratory experiments on net uptake of nitrate and ammonium by the roots of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees

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A new device for the study of water vapour condensation and gaseous deposition to plant surfaces and particle samples

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Soluble N compounds in trees exposed to high loads of N: a comparison between the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees grown under field conditions

Soluble N compounds in trees exposed to high loads of N: a comparison between the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees grown under field conditions

NH3 and NO2 fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters

Field and laboratory experiments on net uptake of nitrate and ammonium by the roots of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees

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NH₃ and NO₂ fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters