A Nested Analysis of Electoral Donations

Abstract

This article reports the results of a nested analysis conducted to evaluate whether or not electoral donations are considered legal bribes. Introduced by Lieberman, nested analysis brings together the strengths of the regression analysis and the case study research by integrating large-N approaches (LNA) with small-N approaches (SNA). The nested analysis uses a sequential sampling model (QUANTITATIVE ! QUALITATIVE) and a nested sampling design (case selection ''on/off the line''). Here, Lieberman's original model was extended to deal with an apparent paradox that emerged from the analysis. This inquiry included a cross-national examination among 78 countries, denoted as LNA, followed by an intranational analysis conducted in Colombia, where an SNA survey with 302 respondents and an SNA case study were carried out.

Visual Replay Methodology: A Mixed Methods Approach for Group Discussion Analysis

“…The field of MMR increasingly utilizes the "tremendous potential for making mixed methods relevant to […] visual methodology" (Creswell, 2009, p.101). Especially prevalent is the use of visuals for the presentation of mixed methods designs, which can be done according to established guidelines (Ivankova, Creswell, & Stick, 2006) -see, for instance, Evertsson (2015) and Vrkljan (2009). Faithful to its pragmatic orientation, MMR often applies visuals practically, by studying how visual representations are or can be used to support discourse -see, for instance, Jones (2015) and Quinlan and Quinlan (2010).…”

The Journal of Mixed Methods Research Starts a New Decade

“…Thaler (2017), from the field of government studies, provides insights from applications of mixed methods research in the examination of political and social violence and conflict, and speaks to the utility and potential hazards of using this methodology at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Evertsson (2017), from the field of criminology, describes a three-stage process using sequential quantitative sampling (large sample size across 78 countries) to qualitative sampling (small sample size), in an illustration of the application of mixed methods for nested sampling and nested analysis in the study of electoral financing. Shammas (2017), from the field of education, illustrates the use of mixed methods to explore underreporting of discrimination by Arab American and Muslim American community college students, through the use of focus group-generated narratives and survey data.…”

State Aid and Taxation of Transnational Companies: A Study of State-Corporate Crime

“…The point at issue here is that harm to society can be inflicted by actions or inaction (on the complicity continuum) cloaked in legality since states and corporations claim to act within the boundaries of the law. Critical criminologists have illustrated this point in the case of corporate donations to electoral campaigns by calling such donations legal bribes (Friedrichs 2004;Evertsson 2012Evertsson , 2017. Friedrichs (2004: 134) and Evertsson (2012Evertsson ( , 2017 argued that elected politicians deliver undue benefits to their financial supporters (which is illegal) who give them interested money (which is legal), and both parties escape prosecution.…”

“…Critical criminologists have illustrated this point in the case of corporate donations to electoral campaigns by calling such donations legal bribes (Friedrichs 2004;Evertsson 2012Evertsson , 2017. Friedrichs (2004: 134) and Evertsson (2012Evertsson ( , 2017 argued that elected politicians deliver undue benefits to their financial supporters (which is illegal) who give them interested money (which is legal), and both parties escape prosecution. Indeed, empirical studies by Peoples and Sutton (2015) and Evertsson (2018) have found that in cases involving electoral financial contributions by corporations, there is observable collusion caused by expected reciprocity originating from a conflicting symbiosis between both parties.…”