"A Necessary Cruelty": The Emergence of Official Anti-Semitism in Poland, 1936-39

Wynot, Edward D.

doi:10.2307/1849240

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…4 When occupied by Nazi Germany or under the influence of rampant anti-Semitism, multiple European countries banned Jewish slaughter in the 20th century (e.g., Germany and The Netherlands). Animal advocacy at times interlaced with anti-Semitic political agendas, and the exact relationship between the two deserves an in-depth study of its own (but see Wynot 1971;Metcalf 1989;Hornshøj-Møller and Culbert 1992;Brantz 2002;Tyaglyy 2004;Lavi 2007;Mesmer 2007;Collins 2010; Plach 2015 on the historical entanglements between antisemitism and campaigns against religious slaughter in Europe). For now, it suffices to mention that since the 19th and 20th centuries, Switzerland (1893), Norway (1928), Finland (1934), and Sweden (1937for cattle, 1989 for poultry) require pre-cut or concurrent stunning (for both Jewish and Islamic slaughter).…”

Section: Unwilling Companions: Religion Race and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religion, Animals, and Racialization: Articulating Islamophobia through Animal Ethics in The Netherlands

Jung

2022

Religions

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In 2008, the Dutch Party for the Animals submitted a proposal to ban religious slaughter without prior stunning. The proposal was widely supported in the Lower House but finally rejected in the Upper House in 2012, mainly on the grounds of religious freedom. Academia was keen to study the polemic, but no research has attempted to study the controversy through a lens of racialization. This is remarkable, given the well-documented increase in Islamophobia and the political use of racism since (at least) the turn of the millennium in The Netherlands (and the geopolitical “West” at large). In this article, I demonstrate that a racializing dynamic is actually part and parcel of the Dutch controversy. I apply a reflexive thematic analysis to study archival material from the Dutch Parliamentarian debate and show that the dispute foremost references Islamic slaughter. Appeals to civilization, accusations of barbarism, dystopian warnings against Islamization, and invocations of Judeo-Christianity are discursive elements that feature in the debate and have racializing ramifications for Muslims. By unmasking this racializing dynamic, I offer a means to empirically explore the ways in which taxonomies of religion and race intersect with and through the politicization of animal ethics. When considering religious slaughter it is essential, I ultimately maintain, to observe the violence caused by socially constructed racial and species differences. Only if we hold both in serious regard do we have a chance to begin to imagine ourselves in relation to others differently and move towards more just futures—for humans and non-humans alike.

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Section: Unwilling Companions: Religion Race and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religion, Animals, and Racialization: Articulating Islamophobia through Animal Ethics in The Netherlands

Jung

2022

Religions

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“…Their religious beliefs spanned the range from Orthodox Hasidic Judaism to Liberal Judaism and several variations in between (see Wodzinski, 2016). This is not to suggest that there were not serious incidents of anti-Semitism at the same time in Poland (Wynot, 1971; see Hagen, 1996), many perpetrated by supporters of Poland's National Democracy Party under Roman Dmowski, who openly argued desired a "homogeneous, Polish-speaking and Roman Catholic-practicing nation," as opposed a multi-ethnic Poland reminiscent of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The International Encyclopedia (2022) notes that "After Józef Pilsudski ousted Dmowski's party from all political power in 1926, Dmowski concentrated on writing articles in which he used antisemitism to rally right-wing opposition to Pilsudski's regime.…”

Section: The Partitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polish – Jewish Relations: A Historical Perspective and Contemporary View

Hunter

2022

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This article is the expansion of a presentation made by the author at Zarrow Pointe in Tulsa, Oklahoma in July of 2022. It considers the topic of “Polish-Jewish Relations” in four parts: (1) Historical Perspectives on Polish-Jewish relations to World War II, including background on early Jewish migration into Poland, information on the period of Polish Partitions, the establishment of the Pale of the Settlement by Russia, and growing Anti-Semitism fueled by elements of the Polish Catholic Church – all leading to September of 1939; (2) World War II and the “Destruction of Polish Jewry” during the Holocaust, including a discussion of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, information relating to various concentration and extermination camps, and events that negatively impacted on Polish-Jewish relations that took place during this period; (3) The period of the imposition of communism (1945-1989), including the events of the 1967-1968 “Anti-Zionist Campaign” that resulted in many of the remaining Jewish population leaving Poland; and (4) Polish-Jewish relations today. The article concludes with some observations on future of Polish-Jewish relations going forward from the positives, negatives, and contradictions inherent in the discussion.

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“…14 Stanisl aw Cat-Mackiewicz, for example, admitted that the call for the removal of Jews from Poland was cruel, but added that this was a necessary cruelty. 15 And although almost no one among the Polish antisemites identified with Hitler's bloodthirsty rhetoric of the prewar period, let alone with his subsequent Jewish program-many, indeed, acting to defend the Jews as they were being led to their death-there is absolutely no doubt that, in immediate prewar Poland, the situation concerning the treatment of Jews was gradually slipping from all control. What is worse, only a relatively few noted, in time, a need for counter-action, although we do need to note that, in addition to representatives of the left, Catholic conservatives, and intellectuals, that latter group also consisted of people from the social circles associated with the government.…”

Section: Munich 1923mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Munich through Wannsee to Auschwitz: The Road to the Holocaust*: Translated by Piotr Górecki

Piskorski

2007

J of Historical Society

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"A Necessary Cruelty": The Emergence of Official Anti-Semitism in Poland, 1936-39

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Religion, Animals, and Racialization: Articulating Islamophobia through Animal Ethics in The Netherlands

Religion, Animals, and Racialization: Articulating Islamophobia through Animal Ethics in The Netherlands

Polish – Jewish Relations: A Historical Perspective and Contemporary View

From Munich through Wannsee to Auschwitz: The Road to the Holocaust*: Translated by Piotr Górecki

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