A Multiphasic Typing Approach to Subtype <i>Streptococcus Equi</i> Subspecies <i>Equi</i>

Lanka, Saraswathi; Borst, Luke B.; Patterson, Sheila K.; Maddox, Carol W.

doi:10.1177/104063871002200612

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The absence of this SNP is likely to be an artefact of sequence assembly, which failed to map sequence data to this region of the Se4047 genome. The previously reported deletion of a single guanine residue in the promoter region of SzPSe in the Pinnacle strain [8] was also identified in Se136 and Se142 at position 912,150 bp relative to the Se4047 reference genome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Adverse effects following the vaccination of horses less than one year of age with Pinnacle have previously been reported and the vaccine is not recommended for use in immunologically naïve animals [8,9]. Bacteriological culture from affected ponies established that the vaccine strain can be recovered for up to 46 days following the initial vaccine dose, and that such persistence was of concern because of the theoretical risk of spontaneous reversion or recombination between vaccine strains and genetically-related wild-type bacteria [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Strangles in horses can be caused by vaccination with Pinnacle I. N.

Cursons

Patty

Steward

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Strangles in horses can be caused by vaccination with Pinnacle I. N.

Cursons

Patty

Steward

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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“…These isolates were evaluated genotypically using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and DNA sequence analysis of szp and seM and phenotypically with the Biolog Phenotypic MicroArray analysis. 14 …”

Section: Bacterial Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low utilization of these substrates was indicative of WT clinical isolates, including the WT progenitor of the vaccine strain. 14 …”

Section: Biolog Phenotypic Microarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Screen for Attenuation of Lancefield Group C Streptococci and a Model for Streptococcal Pathogenesis

et al. 2011

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Group C streptococci are highly contagious pyogenic bacteria responsible for respiratory tract, lymph node, urogenital tract, and wound infections. Wild-type strains of Streptococcus equi ssp equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus (S. zoo) as well as a commercially available modified live vaccine strain of S. equi were evaluated for virulence in zebrafish. Survival times, histologic lesions, and relative gene expression were compared among groups. Based on the intramuscular route of infection, significantly shorter survival times were observed in fish infected with wild-type strain when compared to modified live vaccine and S. zoo strains. Histologically, S. zoo-infected fish demonstrated a marked increase in inflammatory infiltrates (predominantly macrophages) at the site of infection, as well as increased cellularity in the spleen and renal interstitium. In contrast, minimal cellular immune response was observed in S. equi-injected fish with local tissue necrosis and edema predominating. Based on whole comparative genomic hybridization, increased transcription of positive acute-phase proteins, coagulation factors, and antimicrobial peptides were observed in S. equi-injected fish relative to S. zoo-injected fish, while mediators of cellular inflammation, including CXC chemokines and granulin, were upregulated in S. zoo-injected fish relative to S. equi-injected fish. In a screen of 11 clinical isolates, S. equi strains with a single nucleotide deletion in the upstream region of szp, a known virulence factor of streptococci, were found to be significantly attenuated in zebrafish. These collective findings underscore the value of the zebrafish as a model of streptococcal pathogenesis.

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“…Furthermore, sequence analysis of the SeM gene and the other virulence factor gene SzP can be used to distinguish wild-type S. equi subsp equi from a modified live vaccine strain. 33 Culture of Coxiella and Chlamydophila requires the use of a Biosafety Level 3 laboratory, but PCR detection can be performed in a Level 2 laboratory. Our laboratory has offered PCR detection of C. burnetii and Chlamydophila for several years.…”

Section: Pcr Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals

2014

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The past decade has seen remarkable technical advances in infectious disease diagnosis, and the pace of innovation is likely to continue. Many of these techniques are well suited to pathogen identification directly from pathologic or clinical samples, which is the focus of this review. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing are now routinely performed on frozen or fixed tissues for diagnosis of bacterial infections of animals. These assays are most useful for pathogens that are difficult to culture or identify phenotypically, when propagation poses a biosafety hazard, or when suitable fresh tissue is not available. Multiplex PCR assays, DNA microarrays, in situ hybridization, massive parallel DNA sequencing, microbiome profiling, molecular typing of pathogens, identification of antimicrobial resistance genes, and mass spectrometry are additional emerging technologies for the diagnosis of bacterial infections from pathologic and clinical samples in animals. These technical advances come, however, with 2 caveats. First, in the age of molecular diagnosis, quality control has become more important than ever to identify and control for the presence of inhibitors, cross-contamination, inadequate templates from diagnostic specimens, and other causes of erroneous microbial identifications. Second, the attraction of these technologic advances can obscure the reality that medical diagnoses cannot be made on the basis of molecular testing alone but instead through integrated consideration of clinical, pathologic, and laboratory findings. Proper validation of the method is required. It is critical that veterinary diagnosticians understand not only the value but also the limitations of these technical advances for routine diagnosis of infectious disease.Keywords bacterial infections, mass spectrometry, molecular diagnostic techniques, fluorescent in situ hybridization, quality control, realtime polymerase chain reaction Traditionally, pathogen identification for infectious disease was mostly based on isolation in culture, and this was also critical for fulfilling Koch's postulates. 24 Molecular identification methods have been used for infectious disease diagnosis since the 1980s, and ''molecular Koch's postulates'' were applied to bacterial pathogenicity at the gene rather than the wholeorganism level. 21,22 Molecular guidelines for establishing microbial disease causation were described as a reconsideration of Koch's postulates. 24 Among the nonculture methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing have been widely used to identify infectious pathogens. Recently, massive parallel DNA sequencing has rapidly developed for the identification of both described and new viral pathogens. The technology will likely revolutionize bacterial disease diagnosis in the near future. Not only have many nonculturable or difficult-to-culture bacterial pathogens become detectable, but many readily isolated bacterial infections can now be identified with nonculture methods. Molecular identification methods ca...

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A Multiphasic Typing Approach to Subtype Streptococcus Equi Subspecies Equi

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Strangles in horses can be caused by vaccination with Pinnacle I. N.

Strangles in horses can be caused by vaccination with Pinnacle I. N.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Screen for Attenuation of Lancefield Group C Streptococci and a Model for Streptococcal Pathogenesis

Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals

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