“…Owing to these advantages, it has been successfully applied to crack propagation problems [21,22], composite material damage [23,24], fluid mechanics and acoustics [25], and heat conduction analysis [26,27] etc. There are several kinds of peridynamics, such as bond-based PD [19], state-based PD [28], and element-based PD [29] etc., and they can be easily coupled with other numerical methods to deal with the interaction between different materials, such as PD-FEM [30], PD-SPH [31], and PD-DEM [32].…”