A multi-criteria decision making method for urban flood resilience evaluation with hybrid uncertainties

Urban resilience to floods in parts of Makassar, Indonesia

“…These scenarios were used to identify the spatial pattern of each resilience when one system was given the highest weight, while the others were assigned with the same weight value. [10] that can be used to measure physical resilience and represent the conditions of the study area. Rachmat and Pamungkas [13] claim that building density and the proximity of buildings to the river are two of many factors contributing to the high flood risk in one of the districts in Makassar.…”

“…The function of the green open space is to store rainwater and, consequently, reduce surface runoff. The more extensive the available green open space, the higher the resilience of the city [10]. Uncontrolled development that causes the conversion of protected areas to buildings also takes part in diminishing the resistant capacity, especially when it sprawls to riverbanks.…”

“…Population density and vulnerable population were calculated based on the data issued in the document District in Figures published by the Statistics Indonesia (BPS), while information on community participation and the number of disaster emergency stations was collected through interviews. These four variables were selected based on Li's research, [10] Erlani and Nugrahandika's research [16], and the conditions in the field.…”

“…Community participation and disaster emergency stations define how the community deals with floods and receives relevant information. Higher community participation and more available disaster emergency stations mean that the people are more unlikely to be affected by floods because these two variables show that they have been vigilant since the early phase of the disaster cycle [10].…”

“…Moderate to high social resilience in the study area is shaped by not only high community participation but also a low proportion of the vulnerable population in each district, i.e., <20%, as presented in Table 6. According to Li's research [10], vulnerable communities are considered less capable of dealing with disasters individually; they need help from others and potentially slow the evacuation process. Apart from the low percentage of the vulnerable population, high community participation is also a major factor that enhances the social resilience of Makassar.…”