A multi-channel array for metal ions discrimination with animal bones derived biomass carbon dots as sensing units

An overview on animal/human biomass-derived carbon dots for optical sensing and bioimaging applications

“…5.1.7 Birds and animal body parts as a carbon source. Birds and animal body parts such as goose/pigeon/chicken/hen feathers, 134,205,206,207 pig skin, 208,209 pork, 210 pig skin collagen, 211 pork rib bones, 212 pork liver, 213 chicken drumstick, 214 animal bones, 215 inner wall of chicken stomach (Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum, GGEC), 216 chicken cartilage, 217 and chicken bones 218 are consumed for the preparation of heteroatom-containing CDs using various synthetic methods (Table 1). Noticeably, the effective self-doping of Ca element can be seen from animal bones-derived CDs; however, QYs are not as high as that in other animal body part-synthesized CDs (Table 1).…”

“…Noticeably, the effective self-doping of Ca element can be seen from animal bones-derived CDs; however, QYs are not as high as that in other animal body part-synthesized CDs (Table 1). 212,215 For example, pig skin-derived N-CDs prepared by pyrolysis followed by MW irradiation possessed a high QY (51.35%). 209 The synthetic steps involved in the preparation of N-CDs from GGEC via HT treatment at 240 °C for 8 h are shown in Fig.…”

“…A large negative zeta potential value suggests strong electrostatic repulsion among the negatively charged functional groups and better stability of animal/human biomass-derived CDs in aqueous solution. 128,129,131,132,[140][141][142]144,185,189,191,197,203,207,208,215 Besides a negative zeta potential, animal/human-derived CDs with positive zeta potentials have also been reported. 137,198,230,236,243 The functional groups and elemental compositions of animal/human biomass-derived CDs are oen analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and XPS.…”

“…11a) or blue-green luminescence under the irradiation of UV light (l ex = 365 nm) (Table S1 †). The EWD emission is a distinct observation (Table S1 †); however, EWID emissions 135,145,185,200,212,215,227,231 or the combination of both EWD and EWID 223,225 were also noticed in animal biomass-derived CDs (Table S1 †). For example, recently synthesized N,S-CDs (from a mixture of milk powder and methionine) exhibited EWID emission (l em = ∼ 470 nm) in the l ex range of 360-410 nm and maximum emission intensity at l ex = 383 nm (Fig.…”

“…200 Interestingly, Ca-self-doped CDs specifically derived from animal bones (without additional purification steps) showed EWID behavior. 212,215 The authors speculated that the functional groups attached to the surface of the CDs effectively passivated the surface defects, and therefore the EWID characteristics originated from the single radiative transition of the core sp 2 carbon.…”