A modern approach to the diagnosis of nasal liquorrhea

Abstract

Based on the review, we suggest a diagnostic algorithm for nasal liquorrhea. However, the evidence presented in this review is unfortunately not very reliable, which indicates the existing need for more accurate studies.

Case Report: Detection of Transferrin in a Dog Suspected of Having Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea

“…These are serum-type transferrin (β1) and brain-type transferrin (β2). The β1 isoform is present in serum and CSF, and the β2 isoform is found specifically in CSF (6,10). Serum used as negative control showed only the β1 isoform, whereas β1 and β2 were both detectable in the CSF sample.…”

“…Non-traumatic causes in humans are associated with neoplasia, inflammation, or congenital skull malformation, or are classified as idiopathic. In humans, diagnostic imaging including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used, and diagnosis can be made through nasal inspection and laboratory tests of the fluid (6). Analysis of nasal secretions in order to determine the concentration of glucose and brain-type transferrin has been widely used clinically in order to confirm the presence of CSF rhinorrhea.…”

Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: literature review

“…Известно, что концентрация глюкозы в ЦСЖ примерно в 2 раза ниже, чем в крови, и в норме составляет 2,2-3,9 ммоль / л, что выше, чем в нормальном носовом секрете или в слезной жидкости. Исследование глюкозы в выделениях из носа у пациентов с подозрением на НЛ может применяться как диагностический метод, если известно, что образец не содержит крови, пациент имеет нормальный уровень глюкозы в крови и нет признаков вирусной инфекции дыхательных путей [41].…”

Spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea: a guide for primary care

“…The fluid may also be tested for glucose by dipstick. 5 It should be noted that this test has low sensitivity and specificity, and can be falsely elevated in viral upper respiratory tract infections and diabetes mellitus. However, a positive result may prompt investigation and referral to secondary care.…”