“…a The respiratory system and blood circulation system, in which the arrows and circles show the position concerned with the corresponding model (RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle); b A macroscopic model that merely considers the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of a mobile human body in a chamber; c A typical inflation P-V curve in a patient with ARDS, including the parameters in a sigmoidal model [10]; d A generated 1D centerline airway tree containing the 3D CT-resolved upper airway, central airway tree, and central airway skeleton [20]; e A two-compartment lumped parameter model, in which the spring and dashpot represent the static elasticity and the resistance, and a module comprising a dashpot and a spring reflect the tissue viscoelasticity [14]; f A model showing the process of oxygen uptake of blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries [29]; g A lung-heart coupling model that includes gas exchange between alveolar gas and blood, as well as blood gas transport [40] the heart was thus investigated [41,42]. One recent study combined a ventilatory neuromuscular model and a cardiovascular model [43]. The authors used an oscillator to simulate the activities of the respiratory system and rib cage mechanics, inputting the change in pleural pressure produced by the respiratory process into the cardiovascular circulation, and inputting the blood volume in the pulmonary artery and vein produced by the heart output into a gas-blood exchange model.…”