A Model for Predicting the Frequency of High Pesticide Exposure Events in the Agricultural Health Study

Mage, David T.; Alavanja, Michael C.R.; Sandler, Dale P.; McDonnell, Cheryl J.; Kross, B.; Rowland, Andrew S.; Blair, Aaron

doi:10.1006/enrs.1999.4032

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A highly significant increase was found in TCR-Mf among applicators confirming results obtained by other authors (Mage et al 2000; Shaham et al 2001). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming

et al. 2014

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Background Exposure to pesticides is a major public health concern, because of the widespread distribution of these compounds and their possible long term effects. Recently, organic farming has been introduced as a consumer and environmental friendly agricultural system, although little is known about the effects on workers’ health. Objectives To evaluate genetic damage and immunological alterations in workers of both traditional and organic farming. Methods Eighty-five farmers exposed to several pesticides, thirty–six organic farmers and sixty-one controls took part in the study. Biomarkers of exposure (pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and thioethers in urine and butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma), early effect (micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, T-cell receptor mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations, comet assay and lymphocytes subpopulations) and susceptibility (genetic polymorphisms related to metabolism - EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 - and DNA repair – XRCC1 and XRCC2) were evaluated. Results When compared to controls and organic farmers, pesticide farmers presented a significant increase of micronuclei in lymphocytes (frequency ratio, FR=2.80) and reticulocytes (FR=1.89), chromosomal aberrations (FR=2.19), DNA damage assessed by comet assay (mean ratio, MR=1.71), and a significant decrease in the proportion of B lymphocytes (MR=0.88). Overall, organic farmers presented similar levels of genetic damage as controls, in some cases modulated by GSTT1 and GSTM1, GSTP1 105Ile/Ile and XRCC1 399Gln/Gln genotypes. Conclusions Results confirmed the increased presence of DNA damage in farmers exposed to pesticides, and showed as exposure conditions and genetic background influence observed effects. Findings from this study indicate that no evident genetic or immunologic damage can be observed in organic farmers.

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“…A highly significant increase was found in TCR-Mf among applicators confirming results obtained by other authors (Mage et al 2000; Shaham et al 2001). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming

et al. 2014

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“…Almost all of these events took place indoors in a residence and tended to peak in the warmer months of the year. In comparison, studies focusing on workers found that insecticides and herbicides were the most commonly reported exposures [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributing Factors for Acute Illness/Injury from Childhood Pesticide Exposure in North Carolina, USA, 2007–2013

Barros

Langley

Buhler

et al. 2016

Toxics

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Abstract:Between 2007 and 2013, there were 685 events with evidence of a relationship between pesticide exposure and acute illness/injury among persons less than 18 years old in North Carolina (United States). Median age of children affected was 4.3 years (range: 0.2-17.9). Distribution by gender was similar across all age groups. One fatality and four high severity events were observed. The greatest proportion (42%) of events had ocular exposures, followed by dermal (25%) and inhalation (18%) exposures. When more than one route of exposure occurred, dermal and ocular routes were the most common (46%). Almost all events took place indoors and 32 events involved contact with pets. Insecticides (53%) and insect repellants (31%) were the most frequent agents contributing to these events. Manual application of pesticides contributed to the greatest number of events (25%), while application through a pressurized can and use of a trigger pump were involved in 21% and 15% of events, respectively. Additional contributors were due to inappropriate storage of pesticides and improper use of the pesticide. These contributing factors can be removed or minimized if pesticides are stored outside the residence or out of the reach of children and pets, and adequate ventilation is ensured whenever pesticides are applied.

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“…A great number of tasks or duties that put individuals in contact with pesticides or pesticide residues, such as self-service and repair of application equipment among applicators and a greater number of field activities among workers, are associated with more exposure ( Alavanja et al 1999 ; Hernández-Valero et al 2001 ). Environments that provide farmworkers with little control over how pesticides are applied (e.g., high-exposure application methods), when pesticides are applied (e.g., avoiding windy days), and frequency of application are all associated with increased pesticide exposure among farmworkers ( Mage et al 2000 ; Martin et al 2002 ; Mekonnen and Agonafir 2002 ). Similarly, environments that provide little personal control over protective behaviors, such as absence of well-maintained PPE or inability to wash or change clothes during the workday, contribute to elevated pesticide exposure ( Alavanja et al 1999 ; Arcury et al 2002 ; Austin et al 2001 ; Mekonnen and Agonafir 2002 ; Parrott et al 1999 ).…”

Section: Work Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workplace, Household, and Personal Predictors of Pesticide Exposure for Farmworkers

Quandt

Hernández‐Valero

Grzywacz

et al. 2006

Environ Health Perspect

134

107

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In this article we identify factors potentially associated with pesticide exposure among farmworkers, grade the evidence in the peer-reviewed literature for such associations, and propose a minimum set of measures necessary to understand farmworker risk for pesticide exposure. Data sources we reviewed included Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and AGRI-COLA databases. Data extraction was restricted to those articles that reported primary data collection and analysis published in 1990 or later. We read and summarized evidence for pesticide exposure associations. For data synthesis, articles were graded by type of evidence for association of risk factor with pesticide exposure as follows: 1 = association demonstrated in farmworkers; 2 = association demonstrated in nonfarmworker sample; 3 = plausible association proposed for farmworkers; or 4 = association plausible but not published for farmworkers. Of more than 80 studies we identified, only a third used environmental or biomarker evidence to document farmworker exposure to pesticides. Summaries of articles were compiled by level of evidence and presented in tabular form. A minimum list of data to be collected in farmworker pesticide studies was derived from these evidence tables. Despite ongoing concern about pesticide exposure of farmworkers and their families, relatively few studies have tried to test directly the association of behavioral and environmental factors with pesticide exposure in this population. Future studies should attempt to use similar behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial measures to build a body of evidence with which to better understand the risk factors for pesticide exposure among farmworkers.

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A Model for Predicting the Frequency of High Pesticide Exposure Events in the Agricultural Health Study

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming

Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming

Contributing Factors for Acute Illness/Injury from Childhood Pesticide Exposure in North Carolina, USA, 2007–2013

Workplace, Household, and Personal Predictors of Pesticide Exposure for Farmworkers

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