Contributing Factors for Acute Illness/Injury from Childhood Pesticide Exposure in North Carolina, USA, 2007–2013

Barros, Nirmalla; Langley, Ricky L.; Buhler, W. G.; Brantham, Kelly

doi:10.3390/toxics4010004

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In terms of gender, this study found that the majority of childhood poisoning cases were female. These findings are consistent with studies in India [ 39 ] and Nepal [ 40 ] but in contrast to findings from studies in the USA [ 37 ], South Africa [ 9 ], and Nicaragua [ 41 ] which report a male predominance in poisoned children. For occupational poisoning, the reason for this trend could be the nature of pesticide handling tasks which are traditionally conducted by males in different countries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Children under 5 years comprised 21% of all cases of poisoning of children in the study. This proportion was lower than reported in South Africa (34.4%) [ 9 ], Taiwan (35.4%) [ 36 ], USA (57%) [ 37 ], and Brazil (41%) [ 38 ]. The difference may be attributable to poorer reporting in Tanzania as compared to USA, South Africa, Taiwan, and Brazil.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

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Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Children: Hospital Review in Selected Hospitals of Tanzania

Lekei

Ngowi²,

London

2017

Journal of Toxicology

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Background Acute pesticide poisoning (APP) is a serious problem worldwide. Because the burden of childhood APP is unknown in Tanzania, this study describes the distribution, circumstances, and patterns of APP involving children under 18 years in Tanzania. Methodology A 12-month prospective study was conducted in 10 Tanzanian healthcare facilities in 2006 using a data collection tool for surveillance. Results Of 53 childhood poisoning cases identified, 56.6% were female. The most common poisoning circumstances were accidents (49.1%) and suicide (30.2%). The most vulnerable children were 16-17 years old (30.2%). Suicide was significantly more common in females (PRR females/males = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.03–2.68) and accidental cases were more common in children aged 10 years or younger. Suicide was concentrated in children over 10 years, comprising 53% of cases in this age group. Organophosphates (OPs), zinc phosphide, and endosulfan were common amongst reported poisoning agents. The annual APP incidence rate was 1.61/100,000. Conclusion APP is common among children in this region of Tanzania. Prevention of suicide in older children should address mental health issues and control access to toxic pesticides. Prevention of accidents in younger children requires safer storage and hygiene measures. Diverse interventions are needed to reduce pesticide poisoning among children in Tanzania.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Children: Hospital Review in Selected Hospitals of Tanzania

Lekei

Ngowi²,

London

2017

Journal of Toxicology

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“…Children in the current study were exposed mostly to agriculture-related pesticides, and the majority of events occurred in cultivation areas. Similar studies [ 20 ] from different geographic regions have observed household insecticides as more common poisons than agriculture-related pesticides and most events occurred in the household. These differences represent the wide variation in patterns of pesticide poisoning in children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Few studies from developed countries have seen ocular contamination and dermal exposure as common routes of poison exposure compared to ingestion [ 20 ]. However, current study found that most children ingested the poison and it had been the most frequent route of poisoning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of acute poisoning with pesticides in the paediatric age group

2017

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BackgroundPesticides are identified as one of the dangerous poisons globally in children and are associated with increased short- and long-term morbidity. Pesticide poisoning is the most common method of self-poisoning among adults in rural Sri Lanka, and the clinical management is associated with significant healthcare costs to the country. There is however little data published on acute pesticide poisoning among children in rural Sri Lanka. The current study aimed to comprehensively evaluate clinical profiles, harmful first aid measures, emergency clinical management, complications and outcomes related to acute pesticide poisoning among children in the rural community of Sri Lanka.MethodsThis multicenter study was conducted in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka involving all children with acute pesticide poisoning and who were between 9 months and 12 years of age. Data were collected over 7 years (2007–2014), and children from 36 hospitals were recruited. Data collection was carried out by pretested, multi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires to identify clinical profiles of children, harmful first aid measures, emergency clinical management, reasons for delayed management, complications and outcomes of pesticide poisoning events.ResultsAmong 1621 children with acute poisoning, 9.5% (155) comprised children with acute pesticide poisoning. Male children outnumbered female children, and the majority of children were less than 5 years. Most common pesticides implicated in poisoning of children were organophosphates and carbamates. Gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms were predominant clinical features. Limited transport and lack of concern regarding urgency among caregivers were leading reasons for delayed management. Most common location for poisoning was cultivation lands. Harmful first aid measures were practiced in 32.4%. 7.1% had intentional pesticide poisoning. The case fatality rate of all pesticide poisonings in the study was 1.9%. 58.1% of patients were transferred between regional hospitals and teaching hospital. Cardiac and respiratory arrests, aspiration pneumonia and convulsions were among the reported complications.ConclusionsAcute pesticide poisoning in paediatric age group (<12 years) is a relatively uncommon yet significant cause of child health-related morbidity and mortality in rural Sri Lanka. Patterns of poisoning represent the pattern of pesticide use by the rural community. The practice of harmful first aid measures by caregivers and delay in attending the emergency department may negatively impact patient outcomes.

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A Pilot Study in Cameroon to Understand Safe Uses of Pesticides in Agriculture, Risk Factors for Farmers’ Exposure and Management of Accidental Cases

Pouokam

Album²,

Ndikontar³

et al. 2017

Toxics

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Chemical pesticides are widely used in Cameroon for agricultural production. In 2015, more than 600 pesticide products were approved for use in various foodstuffs. Much misuse of these chemicals by farmers has been documented in rural and urban settings. This pilot study aims to contribute to the improvement of the health of the population and the environmental preservation by identifying pesticide-poisoning cases, the most incriminated products and critical risk factors of exposure. Questionnaires were administered to pesticide vendors, farmers and health personnel, and observations made on farmers’ practices at their work places. From July to September 2016, 24 villages from five sites, representing the most important agricultural production areas of the five agro-ecological zones of Cameroon, were visited. In total, 519 people were interviewed: 412 farmers, 69 pesticide vendors and 38 health personnel. A total of 180 pesticide formulations out of 610 registered in 2015 were said to be used by farmers. In the 38 health centers visited, 56 cases of pesticide poisonings and intoxications were reported between 2011 and 2016. Paraquat-, glyphosate-, cypermethrin- and metalaxyl-formulated pesticides were the most incriminated. In total, 78% of poisoning cases were accidental, 12% suicide attempts, 4% criminal. Entry of pesticide products from neighboring countries needs to be better regulated, and the quality of pesticides sold on the market should be monitored periodically. Empty pesticide containers should be recuperated from smallholder farmers. Authorities should set up a harmonized pesticide-poisoning management procedure, and create a toxico-vigilance system for surveillance cases and preventive actions.

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Contributing Factors for Acute Illness/Injury from Childhood Pesticide Exposure in North Carolina, USA, 2007–2013

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Children: Hospital Review in Selected Hospitals of Tanzania

Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Children: Hospital Review in Selected Hospitals of Tanzania

Patterns of acute poisoning with pesticides in the paediatric age group

A Pilot Study in Cameroon to Understand Safe Uses of Pesticides in Agriculture, Risk Factors for Farmers’ Exposure and Management of Accidental Cases

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