A <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll" id="d1e99" altimg="si4.gif"><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:math> array module of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray imaging spectrometers

Bolotnikov, A. E.; Camarda, G. S.; Geronimo, G. De; Fried, J.; Hodges, Deidra; Hossain, Anwar; Kim, K.; Mahler, G.; Giraldo, L. Ocampo; Vernon, E.; Yang, Ge; James, R. B.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.07.090

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In general, 3D CZT detectors are developed through different approaches. Sub-millimetre spatial resolution and excellent energy resolution (<1% FWHM at 661.7 keV, after spectral correction) are obtained with pixelated (He et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012) and virtual Frischgrid (Bolotnikov et al, 2020) CZT detectors. In this case, the detectors are used in parallel planar field (PPF) geometry, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

Abbene

Gerardi

Principato

et al. 2020

J Synchrotron Radiat

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In the last two decades, great efforts have been made in the development of 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride (CZT) detectors operating at room temperature for gamma-ray spectroscopic imaging. This work presents the spectroscopic performance of new high-resolution CZT drift strip detectors, recently developed at IMEM-CNR of Parma (Italy) in collaboration with due2lab (Italy). The detectors (19.4 mm × 19.4 mm × 6 mm) are organized into collecting anode strips (pitch of 1.6 mm) and drift strips (pitch of 0.4 mm) which are negatively biased to optimize electron charge collection. The cathode is divided into strips orthogonal to the anode strips with a pitch of 2 mm. Dedicated pulse processing analysis was performed on a wide range of collected and induced charge pulse shapes using custom 32-channel digital readout electronics. Excellent room-temperature energy resolution (1.3% FWHM at 662 keV) was achieved using the detectors without any spectral corrections. Further improvements (0.8% FWHM at 662 keV) were also obtained through a novel correction technique based on the analysis of collected-induced charge pulses from anode and drift strips. These activities are in the framework of two Italian research projects on the development of spectroscopic gamma-ray imagers (10–1000 keV) for astrophysical and medical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

Abbene

Gerardi

Principato

et al. 2020

J Synchrotron Radiat

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“…Depending on the thickness, the sensors were biased from the cathode side between 3 kV and 9 kV while the anode side was held at virtual ground by the ASIC frontend to set up the drift field inside the sensor. [52,47]. Even though the leakage current and crystal defects limited the resolution, the results are very encouraging for standard grade CZT crystals that can be tiled to form commensurable large volume radiation detection systems.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The first prototype of the ASIC was wirebonded to a custom 28 mm x 22 mm carrier board shown in Figure 8 (Figure 8(c)). The detector was connected to the back of the board (Figure 8(d)) through a Z-ray connector [47].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Front-end ASIC for spectroscopic readout of virtual Frisch-grid CZT bar sensors

Vernon

Geronimo

Bolotnikov

et al. 2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Compact multi-channel radiation detectors rely on low noise front-end application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to achieve high spectral resolution. Here, a new ASIC developed to readout virtual Frisch-grid cadmium zinc telluride (VFG CZT) detectors for gamma ray spectroscopy is presented.Corresponding to each ionizing event in the detector, the ASIC measures the amplitude and timing at the anode, the cathode and four pad sense electrodes associated with each sensor in a detector array. The ASIC is comprised of 52 channels of which there are 4 cathode channels and 48 channels which can be configured as either anode channels with a baseline of 250 mV or pad sense channels to process induced signals with a baseline of 1.2 V. With a static * Corresponding author power dissipation of 3 mW, each channel performs low-noise charge amplification, high-order shaping, peak and timing detection along with analog storage and multiplexing. The overall channel linearity was better than ± 1 % with timing resolution down to 700 ps for charges greater than 8 fC in the 3 MeV range. With a 4 x 4 array of 6 x 6 x 20 mm 3 virtual Frisch-grid bar sensors connected and biased, an electronic resolution of ≈ 270 a rms for charges up to 100 fC in the 3.2 MeV range was measured. Spectral measurements obtained with the 3D correction technique demonstrated resolutions of 1.8 % FWHM at 238 keV and 0.9 % FWHM at 662 keV.

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“…Cross-talk events can be given by the collected-charge pulses ; i.e., they are created by the charge carriers really collected by the pixels (e.g., fluorescent X rays) or by induced-charge pulses generated on neighboring non-collecting pixels [ 9 , 16 , 18 ]. These pulses, also called transient pulses , are due to the weighting potential cross-talk [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 18 , 20 ]; they are characterized by both positive and negative polarities and different shapes [ 9 ]. In our investigated energy range (up to 140 keV), a very low number of these transient pulses was detected.…”

Section: Charge-sharing Cross-talk Phenomena and Correction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, RTSDs are represented by X-ray and gamma ray detectors based on high-Z and wide-bandgap compound semiconductors, with the goal to measure high-resolution energy spectra near room-temperature conditions. Currently, thin cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium–zinc–telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) pixel detectors, with thickness up to 3 mm are considered the best choice up to 150 keV [ 7 , 8 ], while thicker detectors (up to 15 mm), based on CZT [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and thallium bromide (TlBr) [ 13 ], are very appealing up to 1 MeV. RTSDs with small pixels represent a key choice for energy resolution improvements, which is in agreement with the small pixel effect [ 7 ] and potentially to obtain high spatial resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Recovery of Multiple Charge Sharing Events in Room Temperature Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

Buttacavoli

Gerardi

Principato

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Multiple coincidence events from charge-sharing and fluorescent cross-talk are typical drawbacks in room-temperature semiconductor pixel detectors. The mitigation of these distortions in the measured energy spectra, using charge-sharing discrimination (CSD) and charge-sharing addition (CSA) techniques, is always a trade-off between counting efficiency and energy resolution. The energy recovery of multiple coincidence events is still challenging due to the presence of charge losses after CSA. In this work, we will present original techniques able to correct charge losses after CSA even when multiple pixels are involved. Sub-millimeter cadmium–zinc–telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) pixel detectors were investigated with both uncollimated radiation sources and collimated synchrotron X rays, at energies below and above the K-shell absorption energy of the CZT material. These activities are in the framework of an international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved photon counting (ERPC) systems for spectroscopic X-ray imaging up to 150 keV.

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A 4×4 array module of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray imaging spectrometers

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

Front-end ASIC for spectroscopic readout of virtual Frisch-grid CZT bar sensors

Energy Recovery of Multiple Charge Sharing Events in Room Temperature Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

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