A Microevolutional History of the Japanese People from a Dental Characteristics Perspective.

Metric and Nonmetric Cranial Variation of the Prehistoric Okhotsk People.

“…We have repeatedly pointed out that the Okhotsk people differed in morphology from the Ainu or their ancestors, because the Northern Mongoloid features seen in the Okhotsk are lacking in the Ainu (Kodama, 1948;Yamaguchi, 1974;Ishida, 1988aIshida, , 1994. It has been hypothesized that the Ainu are closely related with the Southeast Asian populations (Turner, 1987(Turner, , 1989(Turner, , 1990Hanihara, 1992;Matsumura, 1994).…”

Non-metric dental trait variation among local sites and regional groups of the Neolithic Jomon period, Japan

“…It is generally agreed, based on cranial and dental morphology, that Jomon period populations are direct ancestors of the Hokkaido Ainu (e.g. Howells, 1966;Turner, 1976;Brace and Nagai, 1982;Yamaguchi, 1982;Hanihara, 1985Hanihara, , 1991Dodo, 1986;Mouri, 1986;Matsumura, 1989Matsumura, , 1994Matsumura, , 1995aDodo and Ishida, 1990;Pietrusewsky, 1994Pietrusewsky, , 2004Ossenberg et al, 2006). Geographical variation in Jomon period material has been investigated by several researchers and only minor differences have been found in the cranial morphology of samples dating from the middle to final Jomon periods (ca.…”

Population history of the northern and central Nansei Islands (Ryukyu island arc) based on dental morphological variations: gene flow from North Kyushu to Nansei Islands

“…Their study clarified that this population exhibited many characteristics that were dissimilar to those of modern Japanese main islanders, based on the evidence of a smaller tooth size, lower incidences of incisor shoveling, lower molar protostylid, and lower molar cusp 6. Thereafter, the resemblance of this Yayoi-Kofun population to the Jomonese was shown by Hanihara T. (1991), Matsumura (1995), and Manabe et al (2002). The consensus from these dental morphological studies supports the view that the Tanegashima Yayoi-Kofun population belongs to the native Japanese group.…”

“…Subsequently, the Ainu-Ryukyuan common origin theory has been further supported by many studies in the fields of osteomorphology (Yamaguchi, 1982(Yamaguchi, , 1992, human genetics (Omoto, 1978(Omoto, , 1992Omoto and Saitou, 1997), and dental morphology (Hanihara T., 1989(Hanihara T., , 1991(Hanihara T., , 1992aMatsumura, 1995). Furthermore, Hinuma (1985Hinuma ( , 1986 supported this theory by showing that Ryukyuans show more similarities to the Ainu than to the Japanese main islanders in the distribution of the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV).…”

“…Ever since a physical similari-ty between the Ryukyuan and Ainu populations was indicated by von Baelz in 1911, many anthropological studies using various methods have been conducted on Nansei islanders. The methods used in these studies comprised somatological measurements and observations (Newman and Eng, 1947;Suda, 1950;Ikeda and Tagaya, 1980), osteological measurements and nonmetric traits (Hsü, 1948;Ikeda, 1974;Kouhara, 1976;Tagaya and Ikeda, 1976;Yamaguchi, 1982Yamaguchi, , 1992Mouri, 1986;Dodo, 1992;Pietrusewsky, 1994Pietrusewsky, , 1999Pietrusewsky, , 2004Doi et al, 1997;Dodo et al, 1998Dodo et al, , 2000Doi, 1998Doi, , 2003Doi, , 2004Asato and Doi, 1999;Matsushita, 2001;Nakahashi, 2003), dental measurements and nonmetric traits (Yamada et al, 1970;Hanihara K. et al, 1974;Hanihara K., 1976;Tsuru, 1978;Matayoshi, 1982;Turner, 1987;Hanihara T., 1989Hanihara T., , 1991Hanihara T., , 1992bMatsumura, 1995;Manabe et al, 1999aManabe et al, , b, 2001Manabe et al, , 2003aHiga et al, 2003;Haneji et al, 2007), and genetics (e.g. Omoto et al, 1976;Omoto, 1978…”