A Methylcellulose Hydrogel as Support for 3D Plotting of Complex Shaped Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds

Ahlfeld, Tilman; Köhler, Tino; Czichy, Charis; Lode, Anja; Gelinsky, Michael

doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0288.v1

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In contrast to BioOss ® , CPC scaffolds can be individually designed based on a CBCT scan. Patient-specific geometries can be printed [ 24 , 41 , 42 ], thus they will fit perfectly to the defect site. The surgeon saves time during surgery since there is no need to prepare or adapt the scaffold intraoperatively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Muallah

Sembdner

Holtzhausen

et al. 2021

JCM

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Three dimensional (3D) printing allows additive manufacturing of patient specific scaffolds with varying pore size and geometry. Such porous scaffolds, made of 3D-printable bone-like calcium phosphate cement (CPC), are suitable for bone augmentation due to their benefit for osteogenesis. Their pores allow blood-, bone- and stem cells to migrate, colonize and finally integrate into the adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the pore size affects the scaffold’s stability. Since scaffolds in maxillofacial surgery have to withstand high forces within the jaw, adequate mechanical properties are of high clinical importance. Although many studies have investigated CPC for bone augmentation, the ideal porosity for specific indications has not been defined yet. We investigated 3D printed CPC cubes with increasing pore sizes and different printing orientations regarding cell migration and mechanical properties in comparison to commercially available bone substitutes. Furthermore, by investigating clinical cases, the scaffolds’ designs were adapted to resemble the in vivo conditions as accurately as possible. Our findings suggest that the pore size of CPC scaffolds for bone augmentation in maxillofacial surgery necessarily needs to be adapted to the surgical site. Scaffolds for sites that are not exposed to high forces, such as the sinus floor, should be printed with a pore size of 750 µm to benefit from enhanced cell infiltration. In contrast, for areas exposed to high pressures, such as the lateral mandible, scaffolds should be manufactured with a pore size of 490 µm to guarantee adequate cell migration and in order to withstand the high forces during the chewing process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Muallah

Sembdner

Holtzhausen

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…Different strategies have been used in order to provide mechanical support to 3D printed constructs like depositing bioinks into a liquid bath [2,3] or the co-printing of hard [4] and soft [5] supporting materials. Methylcellulose (MC) hydrogels have also been tested as a sacrificial material for 3D printing [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-laden alginate dialdehyde–gelatin hydrogels formed in 3D printed sacrificial gel

Dranseikiene

Schrüfer

Schubert

et al. 2020

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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Alginate dialdehyde–gelatin (ADA–GEL) hydrogels have been reported to be suitable matrices for cell encapsulation. In general, application of ADA–GEL as bioink has been limited to planar structures due to its low viscosity. In this work, ring shaped constructs of ADA–GEL hydrogel were fabricated by casting the hydrogel into sacrificial molds which were 3D printed from 9% methylcellulose and 5% gelatin. Dissolution of the supporting structure was observed during the 1st week of sample incubation. In addition, the effect of different crosslinkers (Ba2+ and Ca2+) on the physicochemical properties of ADA–GEL and on the behavior of encapsulated MG-63 cells was investigated. It was found that Ba2+ crosslinked network had more than twice higher storage modulus, and mass decrease to 70% during incubation compared to 42% in case of hydrogels crosslinked with Ca2+. In addition, faster increase in cell viability during incubation and earlier cell network formation were observed after Ba2+ crosslinking. No negative effects on cell activity due to the use of sacrificial materials were observed. The approach presented here could be further developed for cell-laden ADA–GEL bioink printing into complex 3D structures.

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“…Both components, CPC and fibrin, are clinically certified materials, which brings the novel biphasic constructs close to clinical application. In general, CPC can be plotted in any shape and dimensions using fugitive support gels that are plotted at the same time and washed away during post-processing [ 5 ]. With regards to the intended application of this manuscript it should be recognized that also constructs bridging real alveolar clefts in humans can be achieved by this process [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scaffolds being plotted from the CPC can achieve filigree shapes with a high control about pore size and pore shape [ 4 ]. Further, CPC can easily be fabricated into patient-specific shapes such as a scaphoid bone [ 5 ] or even a defect-specific implant for a cleft alveolus [ 6 ] taking usage of multi-material plotting of CPC in combination with fugitive support inks which allow for plotting of overhanging structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Biofabrication of Resorbable Implants Consisting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and Fibrin—A Characterization In Vitro and In Vivo

Ahlfeld

Lode

Richter

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Cleft alveolar bone defects can be treated potentially with tissue engineered bone grafts. Herein, we developed novel biphasic bone constructs consisting of two clinically certified materials, a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and a fibrin gel that were biofabricated using 3D plotting. The fibrin gel was loaded with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) derived from bone marrow. Firstly, the degradation of fibrin as well as the behavior of cells in the biphasic system were evaluated in vitro. Fibrin degraded quickly in presence of MSC. Our results showed that the plotted CPC structure acted slightly stabilizing for the fibrin gel. However, with passing time and fibrin degradation, MSC migrated to the CPC surface. Thus, the fibrin gel could be identified as cell delivery system. A pilot study in vivo was conducted in artificial craniofacial defects in Lewis rats. Ongoing bone formation could be evidenced over 12 weeks but the biphasic constructs were not completely osseous integrated. Nevertheless, our results show that the combination of 3D plotted CPC constructs and fibrin as suitable cell delivery system enables the fabrication of novel regenerative implants for the treatment of alveolar bone defects.

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A Methylcellulose Hydrogel as Support for 3D Plotting of Complex Shaped Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Cell-laden alginate dialdehyde–gelatin hydrogels formed in 3D printed sacrificial gel

Toward Biofabrication of Resorbable Implants Consisting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and Fibrin—A Characterization In Vitro and In Vivo

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