A Method for Estimating the Hydrologic Input from Fog in Mountainous Terrain

Walmsley, John L.; Schemenauer, Robert S.; Bridgman, Howard

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<2237:amfeth>2.0.co;2

Cited by 67 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Stream water ion export was calculated using continuous discharge and biweekly grab samples according to the methods 2 and 4 of Swistock et al (1997). Cloud water volume was estimated using the model of Walmsley et al (1996), considering the water volume, the cross-sectional area of the collector, the collection efficiency and the sampling period. According to Schemenauer and Cereceda (1994), the collection efficiency of the mesh was assumed to be about 35-50% increasing with higher wind speeds.…”

Section: Calculation Of Water Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water chemistry and nutrient budgets in an undisturbed evergreen rainforest of southern Chile

et al. 2004

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In a pristine evergreen rainforest of Nothofagus betuloides, located at the Cordillera de los Andes in southern Chile (41 8S), concentrations and fluxes of nutrients in bulk precipitation, cloud water, throughfall water, stemflow water, soil infiltration and percolation water and runoff water were measured. The main objectives of this study were to investigate canopy-soil-atmosphere interactions and to calculate input-output budgets. From May 1999 till April 2000, the experimental watershed received 8121 mm water (86% incident precipitation, 14% cloud water), of which the canopy intercepted 16%. Runoff water volume amounted 9527 mm. Bulk deposition of inorganic (DIN) and organic (DON) nitrogen amounted 3.6 kg ha À1 year À1 and 8.2 kg ha À1 year À1 respectively. Occult deposition (clouds þ fog) contributes for 40% to the atmospheric nitrogen input (bulk þ occult deposition) of the forest. An important part of the atmospheric ammonium deposition is retained within the canopy or converted to nitrate or organic nitrogen by epiphytic bacteria or lichens. Also the export of inorganic (0.9 kg ha À1 year À1 ) and organic (5.2 kg ha À1 year À1 ) nitrogen via runoff is lower than the input to the forest floor via throughfall and stemflow water (3.2 kg DIN ha À1 year À1 and 5.6 kg DON ha À1 year À1 ). The low concentrations of NO À 3 and NH þ 4 under the rooting depth suggest an effective biological immobilization by vegetation and soil microflora. Dry deposition and foliar leaching of base cations (K þ , Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ ) was estimated using a canopy budget model. Bulk deposition accounted for about 50% of the total atmospheric input. Calculated dry and occult deposition are both of equal value (about 25%). Foliar leaching of K þ , Ca 2þ , and Mg 2þ accounted for 45%, 38% and 6% of throughfall deposition respectively. On an annual basis, the experimental watershed was a net source for Na þ , Ca 2þ and Mg 2þ .

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Section: Calculation Of Water Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water chemistry and nutrient budgets in an undisturbed evergreen rainforest of southern Chile

et al. 2004

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“…Nutrients and pollutants from fog and cloud water exhibit strong influence on ecosystems (Fisak et al, 2002). Especially in mountain forest ecosystems, where fog occurs very frequently, fog water is an important source of ion deposition (Gordon et al, 1994;Walmsley et al, 1996). The frequency of fog events typically increases with altitude above sea level Correspondence to: E. Beiderwieden (beiderwi@uni-muenster.de) (Olivier and de Rautenbach, 2002;Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 2002;Holder, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frequency of fog events typically increases with altitude above sea level Correspondence to: E. Beiderwieden (beiderwi@uni-muenster.de) (Olivier and de Rautenbach, 2002;Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 2002;Holder, 2004). Prevalent fog frequencies and high wind velocities cause more fog deposition and ion input at elevated mountainous sites than in lowlands (Minami and Ishizaka, 1996;Walmsley et al, 1996;Clark et al, 1998;Igawa et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization of fog and rain water collected at the eastern Andes cordillera

Beiderwieden¹,

Wrzesinsky²,

Klemm³

2005

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. During a three month period in 2003 and 2004, the chemistry of fog and rainwater were studied at the "El Tiro" site in a tropical mountain forest ecosystem in Ecuador, South America. The fogwater samples were collected using a passive fog collector, and for the rain water, a standard rain sampler was employed. For all samples, electric conductivity, pH, and the concentrations of NH We found considerably higher ion concentrations in fogwater samples than in rain samples. Median pH values are 4.58 for fog water, and 5.26 for the rain samples, respectively. The median electric conductivity was 23 µS cm −1 for the fog and 6 µS cm −1 for the rain. The continent samples exhibit higher concentrations of most ions as compared to the pacific samples, but these differences could not be detected statistically.

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“…Fog has also been viewed as an important source of moisture in coastal ecosystems (Dawson 1998); however, effective fog/cloud water trapping by vegetation has been mainly reported in cloud forests (Vogelmann 1973, Holder 2003, Hildebrandt & Eltahir 2008. In general, higher elevation forests show relatively significant additional water yields due to the occurrence of fog (Ingwersen 1985, Walmsley et al 1996, Igawa et al 2002), and Holder (2003 has called the conservation of high elevation forests an important tool for water supply engineering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Acid atmospheric deposition in a forested mountain catchment

Křeček¹,

Palán²,

Stuchlı́k³

2017

iForest

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(2) Acid atmospheric deposition is harmful to both forest and aquatic ecosystems. In mountain catchments, acidification also leads to difficulties in water resource management. In 2010-2012, acid atmospheric deposition was analysed in a small forest catchment located in the upper plain of the Jizera Mountains (Czech Republic). Patch observations included monitoring of the canopy interception in two mature stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies) at elevations of 745 and 975 metres a.s.l., and twelve passive fog collectors situated along an elevation gradient between 862 and 994 metres a.s.l. In the studied area, fog (and low cloud) precipitation starts to affect the interception loss of the spruce canopy at elevations above 700 metres. However, fog drip was found to also rise with the canopy area. At the catchment scale, methods of spatial interpolation (ArcGIS 10.2) were used to approximate the aerial atmospheric deposition of water and acidic substances (sulphate, nitrate and ammonia). In the watersheds of two adjacent drinking water reservoirs, Josefův Důl and Souš, the mean annual fog drip from the canopy was between 88 and 106 mm (i.e., 7-8% of the mean annual gross precipitation, or 10-12% of the mean annual runoff). Simultaneously, this load also deposited 658 kg km -2 of sulphur and 216 kg km -2 of nitrogen (i.e., 55% and 48% of the "open field" bulk amounts). Therefore, in headwater catchments stressed by acidification, the additional precipitation (measured under the canopy) can increase the water yield, but can also contribute to a decline in water quality, particularly in environments of low buffering capacity.

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A Method for Estimating the Hydrologic Input from Fog in Mountainous Terrain

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Water chemistry and nutrient budgets in an undisturbed evergreen rainforest of southern Chile

Water chemistry and nutrient budgets in an undisturbed evergreen rainforest of southern Chile

Chemical characterization of fog and rain water collected at the eastern Andes cordillera

Acid atmospheric deposition in a forested mountain catchment

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