A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (7–36) Amide on Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Humans

Abstract

Seven studies have now been published pertaining to the acute effect of iv administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake. In four of these studies energy intake was significantly reduced following the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion compared with saline. In the remaining studies, no significant effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 could be shown. Lack of statistical power or low glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion rate may explain these conflicting results. Our aim was to examine the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on subsequent energy intake using a data set composed of subject data from previous studies and from two as yet unpublished studies. Secondly, we investigated whether the effect on energy intake is dose dependent and differs between lean and overweight subjects. Raw subject data on body mass index and ad libitum energy intake were collected into a common data set (n = 115), together with study characteristics such as infusion rate, duration of infusion, etc. From four studies with comparable protocol the following subject data were included if available: plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1, subjective appetite measures, well-being, and gastric emptying rate of a meal served at the start of the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion. Energy intake was reduced by 727 kJ (95% confidence interval, 548-908 kJ) or 11.7% during glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion. Although the absolute reduction in energy intake was higher in lean (863 kJ) (634-1091 kJ) compared with overweight subjects (487 kJ) (209-764 kJ) (P = 0.05), the relative reduction did not differ between the two groups (13.2% and 9.3%, respectively). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion rate was the only independent predictor of the reduction in energy intake during glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide infusion (r = 0.4, P < 0.001). Differences in mean plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentration on the glucagon-like peptide-1 and placebo day (n = 43) were related to differences in feelings of prospective consumption (r = 0.40, P < 0.01), fullness (r = 0.38, P < 0.05), and hunger (r = 0.26, P = 0.09), but not to differences in ad libitum energy intake. Gastric emptying rate was significantly lower during glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion compared with saline. Finally, well-being was not influenced by the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion. Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion reduces energy intake dose dependently in both lean and overweight subjects. A reduced gastric emptying rate may contribute to the increased satiety induced by glucagon-like peptide-1.

GLP-1: benefits beyond pancreas

“…Nine It is reasonable that the treatment-related body weight loss can rather be attributed to a decrease in energy intake. [69][70][71][72]. In a meta-analysis of studies in humans evaluating acute effects of GLP-1 infusion on food intake, a mean decrease of 11.7 % in the amount of ad libitum energy intake compared with saline [71] was reported.…”

“…[69][70][71][72]. In a meta-analysis of studies in humans evaluating acute effects of GLP-1 infusion on food intake, a mean decrease of 11.7 % in the amount of ad libitum energy intake compared with saline [71] was reported. GLP-1 receptors are expressed in vagal afferent neurons and total subdiaphragmatic or specific afferent vagotomy has been demonstrated to significantly attenuate the satiety effects of intraperitoneally administered GLP-1 [73].…”

The Endocannabinoid-Like Derivative Oleoylethanolamide at the Gut–Brain Interface: A “Lipid Way” to Control Energy Intake and Body Weight

“…Besides appetite control, GPR119 is also highly expressed in pancreatic β cells and involved in glucose-dependent insulin secretion as well as secretion of gastrointestinal incretin hormone and peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [57] and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) from enteroendocrine cells [57] (Figure 1). GLP-1 has, among other properties, insulinotropic effects inhibition of gastric emptying, reduction of appetite and promotion of satiety in humans [58] and rodents [59]. Likewise other FAs and FFAs receptors such as GPR120 [60] and FFA1 [61], GPR119 is a lipid sensing receptor [62] that is activated by oleic acid-containing lipids (e.g., N-oleoyl-dopamine) and regarded as a potential drug target for the treatment of T2D.…”

Can Bayliss and Starling gut hormones cure a worldwide pandemic?

“…confirmed that GLP‐1 reduces food intake in a dose‐dependent manner in lean and overweight subjects (Verdich et al . ). Importantly, GLP‐1 retains its anorectic effects during chronic exposure.…”