A Meta-analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism

Andreo-Martínez, Pedro; Rubio‐Aparicio, María; Sánchez‐Meca, Julio; Veas, Alejandro; Martínez-González, Agustín Ernesto

doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05002-y

Cited by 54 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…The latest research in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, has transferred from genetics to environmental factors in the gut microbiome, which plays an important role [1,28,29]. Indeed, many studies have described the changes of intestinal microbiota of ASD children using non-culture-based methods [30][31][32]. This study investigated and compared the number, diversity, and community structure of gut bacteria from the fecal samples between healthy and ASD children using both the traditional plate counting method and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approaches.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ahmed et al [43] found that there was no correlation between the severity of autism symptoms and the altered gut microbiome, although evidence of changes was revealed in the gut microbiome of autistic children compared to the unrelated control. However, Andreo-Martínez et al [32] recently found that it did not show evidence of a relevant gut microbiome-ASD association for Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla based on the meta-analysis integrated effect sizes of 18 previous studies to assess the potential association between gut microbiota and ASD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Autism Spectrum Disorder Children

Jiang

Zhou

et al. 2021

Materials

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seriously affects children’s health, while the gut microbiome has been widely hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of ASD behavior. This study investigated and compared the number, diversity, and population structure of gut microbiota between healthy and ASD children and their susceptibility to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) based on the measurement of live cell number, living/dead bacterial staining test, flow cytometry observation and bacterial community analysis using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The result of this present study revealed that ASD children not only significantly reduced the live cell number and the community diversity of gut bacteria, but also changed the gut bacterial community composition compared to the healthy children. In addition, this result revealed that ZnONPs significantly reduced the number of live bacterial cells in the gut of healthy children, but not in that of ASD children. In contrast, ZnONPs generally increased the gut bacterial community diversity in both ASD and healthy children, while a greater increase was found in ASD children than that of healthy children. Furthermore, this study successfully isolated and identified some representative nanoparticle-resistant bacteria based on the color, shape, and edge of colony as well as the 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The community of nanoparticle-resistant bacteria differed in between healthy and ASD children. Indeed, the representative strains 6-1, 6-2, 6-3 and 6-4 from healthy children were identified as Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli with sequence similarity of 97.86%, 99.86%, 99.03% and 99.65%, respectively, while the representative strains 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 from ASD children were identified as Bacillus cereus, with sequence similarities of 99.58%, 99.72% and 99.72%, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated that ZnONPs caused a change in number, diversity, and species composition of gut bacteria, but differed in healthy and ASD children.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Autism Spectrum Disorder Children

Jiang

Zhou

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…Interestingly, eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with IgE-mediated food allergies which is associated with enteric microbiome alterations in non-ASD children [90,91]. As microbiome imbalances have been associated with ASD [92] and may have important consequences in immune regulation [93], microbiome alterations may be playing a role in immune dysregulation in ASD. The fact that chronic gastrointestinal symptoms have also been linked to non-IgE-mediated food allergies [94] and immune dysregulation [85] in children with ASD demonstrates the complex relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and immune dysfunction in ASD and the complicated nature of management and treatment of ongoing symptoms in ASD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Immunoglobulin G Abnormalities and the Therapeutic Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Rossignol¹,

Frye

2021

JPM

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 2% of children in the United States. Growing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation is associated with ASD. One immunomodulatory treatment that has been studied in ASD is intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the studies which assessed immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and the therapeutic use of IVIG for individuals with ASD. Twelve studies that examined IgG levels suggested abnormalities in total IgG and IgG 4 subclass concentrations, with concentrations in these IgGs related to aberrant behavior and social impairments, respectively. Meta-analysis supported possible subsets of children with ASD with low total IgG and elevated IgG 4 subclass but also found significant variability among studies. A total of 27 publications reported treating individuals with ASD using IVIG, including four prospective, controlled studies (one was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study); six prospective, uncontrolled studies; 2 retrospective, controlled studies; and 15 retrospective, uncontrolled studies. In some studies, clinical improvements were observed in communication, irritability, hyperactivity, cognition, attention, social interaction, eye contact, echolalia, speech, response to commands, drowsiness, decreased activity and in some cases, the complete resolution of ASD symptoms. Several studies reported some loss of these improvements when IVIG was stopped. Meta-analysis combining the aberrant behavior checklist outcome from two studies demonstrated that IVIG treatment was significantly associated with improvements in total aberrant behavior and irritability (with large effect sizes), and hyperactivity and social withdrawal (with medium effect sizes). Several studies reported improvements in pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-alpha). Six studies reported improvements in seizures with IVIG (including patients with refractory seizures), with one study reporting a worsening of seizures when IVIG was stopped. Other studies demonstrated improvements in recurrent infections, appetite, weight gain, neuropathy, dysautonomia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Adverse events were generally limited but included headaches, vomiting, worsening behaviors, anxiety, fever, nausea, fatigue, and rash. Many studies were limited by the lack of standardized objective outcome measures. IVIG is a promising and potentially effective treatment for symptoms in individuals with ASD; further research is needed to provide solid evidence of efficacy and determine the subset of children with ASD who may best respond to this treatment as well as to investigate biomarkers which might help identify responsive candidates.

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“…As discussed in Section 2, the risks of bias of each study were measured following the model published in former studies [10]. Studies were considered to have a high (1-6), medium (7)(8)(9) or low (10-12) risk of bias in terms of the consolidated score out of 12. A low risk of bias was found in 14 articles selected in the present systematic review, and a moderate risk was found in 3 articles.…”

Section: Risk Of Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, plenty of assays have demonstrated that enteric bacteria play a fundamental role in aspects of human health such as the promotion of adaptive immunity, cognition pathologies, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), metabolic syndrome or colorectal cancer [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Even host emotions and behaviour have been associated with changes in the ecology of their GM [9,10]. In fact, the gut microbiome is currently considered as an independent organ that shows both physiological and pathological effects [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of Organosulfur Compounds from Allium cepa on Gut Health: A Systematic Review

Guillamón¹,

Andreo-Martínez

Mut-Salud³

et al. 2021

Foods

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Dietary changes affect the composition and structure of gut microbiota (GM) in animals and humans. One of the beneficial effects of consuming products derived from plants is the positive influence on immunity and gastrointestinal health. Species belonging to the genus Allium contain many organosulfur compounds (OSCs) that have been widely studied showing their biological properties and beneficial effects on intestinal health and GM. This is the first systematic review of OSCs from Allium performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and it is based on the evidence that we found in literature about the benefits on the GM and intestinal health demonstrated by OSCs from Allium, and specifically from onion. OSCs from Allium cepa have shown a significant antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the intake of OSCs from onion was able to modulate the composition of GM, increasing the beneficial bacterial populations in animal models. Moreover, the beneficial effects observed in murine models of colitis suggest that these compounds could be suitable candidates for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or reverse the dysbiosis caused by a high-fat diet (HFD). Despite the evidence found both in vitro and in vivo, we have not found any article that tested OSCs different from allicin in clinical trials or dietary intervention studies in humans. In this sense, it would be interesting to conduct new research that tests the benefits of these compounds in human GM.

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A Meta-analysis of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism

Cited by 54 publications

References 67 publications

Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Autism Spectrum Disorder Children

Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Autism Spectrum Disorder Children

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Immunoglobulin G Abnormalities and the Therapeutic Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Beneficial Effects of Organosulfur Compounds from Allium cepa on Gut Health: A Systematic Review

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