A mental model analysis of young children's conditional reasoning with meaningful premises

Markovits, Henry

doi:10.1080/135467800750038166

Cited by 53 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…Retrieval of a disabler would result in the construction of an additional model that makes it clear that it is possible that occurrence of the antecedent is not associated with the occurrence of the consequent (e.g., ignition-not start). This model no longer supports the MP and MT inferences (Markovits, 2000;Vadeboncoeur & Markovits, 1999). It is important to note that these models either do or do not license an inference (e.g., Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…With this model the AC and DA inferences will be suppressed (Markovits, 2000;. Retrieval of a disabler would result in the construction of an additional model that makes it clear that it is possible that occurrence of the antecedent is not associated with the occurrence of the consequent (e.g., ignition-not start).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, the probability of retrieving a disabler will be higher for conditionals with many possible disablers Vadeboncoeur & Markovits, 1999). Markovits (2000;Markovits et al, 1998) stated that the outcome of the semantic search process will determine the kind of mental models (Johnson-Laird, 1983) a reasoner builds. It is assumed that when reasoners are confronted with a conditional, they will construct an initial internal model of the information the conditional contains.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This mechanism constitutes the core of the general model of conditional reasoning these researchers developed (see Janveau-Brennan & Markovits,1999;Markovits, 2000;Markovits, Fleury, Quinn, & Venet, 1998;.…”

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Inference suppression and semantic memory retrieval: Every counterexample counts

2003

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Reasoning with conditionals involving causal content is known to be affected by retrieval of counterexamples from semantic memory. In this study we examined the characteristicsof this search process in everyday conditional reasoning. In Experiment 1 we manipulated the number (zero to four) of explicitly presented counterexamples (alternative causes or disabling conditions) for causal conditionals. In Experiment 2, using a generation pretest, we measured the number of counterexamples participants could retrieve for a set of causal conditionals. One month after the pretest, participants were presented a reasoning task with the same conditionals. The experiments indicated that acceptance of modus ponens linearly decreased with every additionally retrieved disabler, whereas affirmation of the consequent acceptance linearly decreased as a function of the number of retrieved alternatives.Results for denial of the antecedent and modus tollens were less clear. The findings show that the search process does not necessarily stop after retrieval of a single counterexample and that every additional counterexample has an impact on the inference acceptance.

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Inference suppression and semantic memory retrieval: Every counterexample counts

2003

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“…It has been demonstrated that performance on these forms is determined largely by whether the reasoner has access to potential alternative antecedents that differ from P but result in the same consequent Q, such as the skin disease in our example above that also makes a dog scratch constantly (Markovits, 1984;Rumain, Connell, & Braine, 1983). Thus, studies on conditional reasoning suggest that the availability of knowledge and its retrieval from semantic memory are important components of performance on the uncertain forms (Barrouillet & Lecas, 1998Cummins, 1995;Cummins, Lubart, Alksnis, & Rist, 1991;Markovits, 2000;Markovits & Vachon, 1990). The structure of semantic memory and the constraints on retrieval processes have been integrated in some recent models of human reasoning, a theoretical trend that has recently been referred to as the semantic memory framework (De Neys, Schaeken, & d'Ydewalle, 2002).…”

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Chronometric evidence for memory retrieval in causal conditional reasoning: The case of the association strength effect

2005

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According to many models of conditional reasoning, correct responses to the uncertain forms affirmation of consequent (AC) and denial of antecedent (DA) rely on the retrieval of an alternative antecedent from semantic memory. The main prediction issuing from this hypothesis of online retrieval is that the associative strength of the relevant information in long-term memory affects the latency of its retrieval and then of the correct response of uncertainty to AC and DA. This prediction was tested in 64 adults who performed a syllogism evaluation task with familiar causal conditional premises. As predicted, correct responses of uncertainty to AC and DA were not only more frequent but also faster when the antecedent term was weakly rather than strongly associated with the consequent. In line with the semantic framework, we also observed that this strength effect in response times was reversed for incorrect responses of certainty to AC.

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Development of Deductive Reasoning across the Life Span

Ricco

2010

The Handbook of Life‐Span Development

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A mental model analysis of young children's conditional reasoning with meaningful premises

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

Inference suppression and semantic memory retrieval: Every counterexample counts

Inference suppression and semantic memory retrieval: Every counterexample counts

Chronometric evidence for memory retrieval in causal conditional reasoning: The case of the association strength effect

Development of Deductive Reasoning across the Life Span

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