A matter of degrees: A brief history of cryogenics

Scurlock, R.G.

doi:10.1016/0011-2275(90)90048-h

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The energy transmitted to the shaft can be used to drive a compressor (i.e., wastage of energy can be prevented). Figure 1 show a helium turbo-expander, that is, helium gas is used as a process sample gas [5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Turbo-expandermentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of a Helium Turbo-expander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS

Dm¹

2017

J Appl Mech Eng

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryogenic system refers to interacting group of components involving low temperature. Cryogenic engineering deals with the development and improvement of low temperature techniques, processes, and equipment. They are applicable to helium refrigerators and various liquefiers. Nowadays, the energy crisis has forced the need to recover the energy which is normally wasted in other industrial processes. Reduction of gas pressure is one of such process in which there is a high loss of energy. To prevent such high wastage of energy, Turbo-expander which is the heart for the production of low temperature by reducing the pressure to a low value, has been introduced in the industries. Turbo-expanders are used in almost every segments of the oil and gas industry to produce Cryogenic refrigeration. Before implementation of such a critical component in the plant, it is necessary to carry out the performance analysis of turbo-expander. In this paper, a process simulator called Aspen HYSYS is used for the analysis of Helium turbo-expander (Helium gas is taken as a process sample gas) and detailed observation is carried out for checking the performance of helium turbo-expander at various adiabatic efficiencies. The results provide useful indications on the selection of turboexpander to obtain required output at various efficiencies with variation in temperature. Keeping the constraints of the plant in mind, this analysis can thus result in the design of an efficient productive plant

show abstract

Section: Turbo-expandermentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of a Helium Turbo-expander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS

Dm¹

2017

J Appl Mech Eng

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, Deioces of Media, the traditional founder of Ecbatana, may well have been a contemporary of Sargon II. For the various dates ascribed to Deioces see Scurlock (1990); Henige (2004).…”

Section: The Ziggurats Of Khorsabad and Urmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ziggurats, Colors, and Planets: Rawlinson Revisited

James¹,

Sluijs²

2008

Journal of Cuneiform Studies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The meaning of the word m e is among the most debated of the Sumerian lexicon. Terms such as "power" or "decree" are currently preferred; for a discussion see Averbeck (2000: 418 n. 2). Saturn Jupiter Mars Sun Venus Mercury Moon black rich red brown bright red gold yellow blue silver 4. The outer planets (Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars) are given in their correct order, starting with the most distant from the Earth, and are correctly separated from the inner planets Venus and Mercury. The Moon is in its correct position as the nearest body to the Earth. 5. His brother George experimented with a weekday sequence of planets for Ecbatana but similarly had to conclude that Herodotus had "accidentally reversed the places of black and white, and of scarlet and orange" (1858: 242).

show abstract

“…The concept for a recuperative counterflow heat exchanger was developed by Gorrie [7] in 1851 and refined by Siemens [8] in 1857. The Joule-Thomson (JT) effect discovered in 1852 [9] was not sufficiently large to produce cryogenic temperatures when starting from the ice point without the precooling afforded by such a heat exchanger.…”

Section: The Beginning Of Cryogenicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The liquid ethylene (T cr = 282 K) had been produced earlier using the Faraday technique with an ice bath for precooling. When the pressure on the oxygen was released via the screw jack handwheel, a fog appeared in the glass tube, but it quickly disappeared because of the heat input from the glass tube [9,10]. On the same day, Pictet in Geneva produced a continuous mist of liquid oxygen from a JT valve by using a cascade of vapor-compression systems for precooling the oxygen.…”

Section: The Beginning Of Cryogenicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flowing high-pressure oxygen was cooled successively by the two baths before expanding through the JT valve to the atmosphere. A jet of liquid oxygen mist at 90 K sprayed out from the JT valve [9,10]. The first to produce enough liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen to study their properties were Wroblewski and Olszewski of Poland in 1883.…”

Section: The Beginning Of Cryogenicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Historical Summary of Cryogenic Activity Prior to 1950

Radebaugh

Cryogenic Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryogenics is the science and technology dealing with temperatures less than about 120 K, although this historical summary does not adhere to a strict 120 K definition. The techniques used to produce cryogenic temperatures differ in several ways from those dealing with conventional refrigeration. In practice, these two areas often overlap and the boundary between conventional and cryogenic refrigeration is often indistinct. Significant reductions in temperature often have very pronounced effects on the properties of materials and the behavior of systems.Many cryogenic applications have developed as the refrigeration techniques prior to 1950 have improved, although many applications still face stiff competition from ambient temperature phenomena because of the associated refrigeration problems. This review shows how the development of new applications over the past 50 years is closely tied to the advances in cryogenic refrigeration prior to 1950.

show abstract

A matter of degrees: A brief history of cryogenics

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Performance Analysis of a Helium Turbo-expander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS

Performance Analysis of a Helium Turbo-expander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS

Ziggurats, Colors, and Planets: Rawlinson Revisited

Historical Summary of Cryogenic Activity Prior to 1950

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About