Historical Summary of Cryogenic Activity Prior to 1950

Abstract

Cryogenics is the science and technology dealing with temperatures less than about 120 K, although this historical summary does not adhere to a strict 120 K definition. The techniques used to produce cryogenic temperatures differ in several ways from those dealing with conventional refrigeration. In practice, these two areas often overlap and the boundary between conventional and cryogenic refrigeration is often indistinct. Significant reductions in temperature often have very pronounced effects on the properties of materials and the behavior of systems.Many cryogenic applications have developed as the refrigeration techniques prior to 1950 have improved, although many applications still face stiff competition from ambient temperature phenomena because of the associated refrigeration problems. This review shows how the development of new applications over the past 50 years is closely tied to the advances in cryogenic refrigeration prior to 1950.

A Short Review on Various Purification Techniques Suitable for Biohydrogen-Mixed Gases

“…In the earliest day, cryogenic separation was used to separate hydrogen from air. Cryogenic is a technology which utilizes low temperature condition below 120 K (-153 0 C) to produce so called "cryogenic temperature" that have effects on the materials properties and system behavior [20]. In cryogenic separation system, it involves compression, refrigeration and separation with the influence of phase transition characteristics of gas mixtures, in order to have relatively low energy penalty and high purity [21].…”