A Low Power Digital Accumulation Technique for Digital-Domain CMOS TDI Image Sensor

Abstract

In this paper, an accumulation technique suitable for digital domain CMOS time delay integration (TDI) image sensors is proposed to reduce power consumption without degrading the rate of imaging. In terms of the slight variations of quantization codes among different pixel exposures towards the same object, the pixel array is divided into two groups: one is for coarse quantization of high bits only, and the other one is for fine quantization of low bits. Then, the complete quantization codes are composed of both results from the coarse-and-fine quantization. The equivalent operation comparably reduces the total required bit numbers of the quantization. In the 0.18 µm CMOS process, two versions of 16-stage digital domain CMOS TDI image sensor chains based on a 10-bit successive approximate register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC), with and without the proposed technique, are designed. The simulation results show that the average power consumption of slices of the two versions are 6.47×10-8 J/line and 7.4×10-8 J/line, respectively. Meanwhile, the linearity of the two versions are 99.74% and 99.99%, respectively.

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“…The elements enumerated above comprise the main element of computer vision systems, the camera. Time delay and integration (TDI) is an imaging acquisition mode that can be implemented over CCD [ 35 ] or CMOS [ 36 ]. It improves the features of the image acquisition system considerably.…”

“…It improves the features of the image acquisition system considerably. TDI is used in applications that require the ability to operate in extreme lighting conditions, requiring both high speed and high sensitivity, e.g., inline monitoring, inspection, sorting, and remote sensing (for weather or vegetation observation) [ 36 ].…”

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“…Los elementos mencionados anteriormente constituyen la principal unidad en los sistemas de visión artificial, la cámara. El retardo en el tiempo de integración (Time Delay Integration o TDI) es un modo de captura de imágenes que puede ser implementado tanto en CCD [67] como en CMOS [68] que mejora considerablemente los sistemas de adquisición de imágenes. TDI se emplea en aplicaciones que exigen la capacidad de operar en condiciones extremas de iluminación requiriendo simultáneamente alta velocidad y alta sensibilidad, como ocurre en supervisión, clasificación y teledeteción -en observación atmosférica o de vegetación- [68].…”