A low-frequency directional flextensional transducer and line array

Butler, Stephen C.; Butler, John L.; Butler, Alexander L.; Cavanagh, George H.

doi:10.1121/1.419609

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Optimization of the transducer geometry was achieved by determining the combination of the structural variables that could maximize the target function while meeting the four constraints in eq. (6). For the maximization process, the SQP-PD method was used due to its high convergence rate among various constrained optimization methods.…”

Section: Target Function: Maximize Bw ð5þmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of a Barrel Stave Flextensional Transducer

Kim

Roh

2009

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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The performance of a barrel stave flextensional transducer is determined by the properties of its constituent materials and the effects of many structural parameters. In most cases, the influences of these variables are not linearly independent of each other. In order to achieve optimal performance of an acoustic transducer, we have to consider the cross-coupled effects of its structural variables. The structure of a barrel stave flextensional transducer was optimized by considering all the cross-coupled effects of its structural variables in order to achieve the widest bandwidth while satisfying the requirements regarding transmitting voltage response and center frequency. The optimization process consists of finite element analysis (FEA) of the transducer performance in regard to its structural variables, statistical multiple regression analysis of the FEA results, and constrained maximization of a target function (i.e., the bandwidth) in sequence.

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Section: Target Function: Maximize Bw ð5þmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of a Barrel Stave Flextensional Transducer

Kim

Roh

2009

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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“…Among the various FTs, Class IV FT is a particular type which shows superior performance in terms of low-frequency and high-power property [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. A Class IV FT currently consists of a shell in the form of elliptical cylinder and active diver stacks inside.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Conformal Driving Class IV Flextensional Transducer

Zhou

Lan

Zhang

et al. 2018

Sensors

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Class IV Flextensional Transducers (FTs) are the most popular among various FTs used as low-frequency and high power underwater acoustic sources. However, an undeniable fact exists in Class IV FTs is that the resonance frequency of breathing mode regulator used is fairly raised by its longitudinal driver stacks. In this research, a conformal driving Class IV FT in which the driver stacks are kept conformal with its oval shell was proposed aiming at the limitations of conventional driving Class IV FTs described above. The device exhibits competitive Transmitting Voltage Responses (TVRs) but much lower operation frequencies with respect to conventional driving Class IV FTs, through the designs of conformal and segmentally controlled driver stacks. Geometric parameters analysis was carried out extensively by Finite Element (FE) simulations for the design optimizations and then a conformal driving Class IV FT resonating at 510 Hz (45% approximately lower than that of conventional driving Class IV FT with the same shell geometry) was finalized. Subsequently the conformal driving Class IV was fabricated and tested in the anechoic tank experimentally. Good agreements of both FE predictions and experimental results demonstrate its low-frequency and small-size acoustic performance.

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“…The proposed sound projector merges directional flextensional Class IV transducer technology 4,5 with Class VII dogbone flextensional transducer technology. 6 This is then referred to as the directional Class VII dogbone flextensional sonar transducer, which produces enhanced motion on one surface and canceled motion on the second surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A directional dogbone flextensional transducer

Butler¹

2010

Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics

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Sonar flextensional transducers, in order to transmit energy in one direction, are combined into arrays of elements that are spaced one-quarter of a wavelength apart. The directionality (front to back ratio) is a modest 6 dB, caused by diffraction effects of the size of the projectors. Here a projector that is one-third of a wavelength in size capable of developing unidirectional beams with a front to back ratio greater than 20 dB is described. The directional class VII dogbone flextensional is a modified version of a class IV flextensional having a concave shell rather than a convex one. The piezoelectric ceramic stack is a trilaminar bar with two active sections separated by an inactive center section. Driving both sections of the stack in-phase, the shell is driven into an omnidirectional pattern. Driving each stack section180 deg out of phase causes a bending mode, resulting in a dipole pattern. Driving both sections using complex coefficients determined from the omnidirectional and dipole patterns, a cardioid directional pattern is developed with a front-back pressure ratio of 50 dB that is over an octave bandwidth wide. COMSOL acoustics module FEA code is used to predict in water electroacoustic performance and compared with experimental data.

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A low-frequency directional flextensional transducer and line array

Cited by 33 publications

References 5 publications

Optimal Design of a Barrel Stave Flextensional Transducer

Optimal Design of a Barrel Stave Flextensional Transducer

A Conformal Driving Class IV Flextensional Transducer

A directional dogbone flextensional transducer

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