A low cost instrumentation system to analyze different types of milk adulteration

Das, Santanu; Sivaramakrishna, Mulinti; Biswas, Karabi; Goswami, Bhaswati

doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2014.11.021

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The values of coefficients a i (i = 0, 1, 2) and b i (i = 0, 1, 2) in (8), denormalized at À3 dB frequency ω -3dB ≡1/τ, are summarized in the Table II( Following a similar procedure in the case of lowpass filter of order 1 + a, the corresponding integerorder transfer function that approximates (4) is the following…”

Section: Approximation Of the Variable S Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the modeling of viscoelasticity as well as of biological cells and tissues has been performed through the utilization of the fractional-order calculus. In addition, fractional-order filters and oscillators have been developed, and the offered benefits, in comparison with their integer-order counterparts, include more precise control of the attenuation gradient and boosting of the frequency of oscillation independent of the capacitance value [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultra‐low voltage fractional‐order circuits using current mirrors

Τσιριμώκου

Psychalinos

2015

Circuit Theory & Apps

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Summary Fractional‐order blocks, including differentiators, lossy and lossless integrators as well as filters of order 1 + a (0 < a < 1), are presented in this paper. The proposed topologies offer the benefit of ultra low‐voltage operation; in addition, reduced circuit complexity is achieved compared to the corresponding companding schemes, which have been already introduced in the literature. The ultra‐low voltage operation is performed through the employment of metal oxide semiconductor transistors biased in the subthreshold region. The reduction of circuit complexity is achieved through the utilization of current mirrors as active elements for realizing the required building blocks. The performance of the proposed fractional‐order circuits has been evaluated through the Analog Design Environment of the Cadence software and the design kit provided by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 180 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Approximation Of the Variable S Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra‐low voltage fractional‐order circuits using current mirrors

Τσιριμώκου

Psychalinos

2015

Circuit Theory & Apps

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“…Milk adulteration has been a problem in the dairy industry for many years. With industry development, traditional detection methods for adulterated dairy products have been challenged, and new detection techniques have emerged (Rodrigues et al, 2012;Jawaid et al, 2013;Gupta et al, 2014;Das et al, 2015). In gener-al, pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is based on a triple-potential waveform and can obtain reproducible signals over time (Guedes et al, 2015.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of chlorine ions in raw milk by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system

Chen

Bei-bei

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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Chloride ion concentration in milk was determined by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system. Results showed that the Au electrode lost 3 electrons at 1.10 V and formed chloroaurate ions (AuCl) by combining with chloride ions, after which AuCl was partly reduced to Au at 0.6 V. Based on the electrochemical process, a triple waveform with detection potential of 1.15 V, detection time of 150 ms, oxidation potential of 1.4 V, oxidation time of 550 ms, reduction potential of 0 V, and reduction time of 400 ms was applied to the Au electrode for detecting chloride ion concentration in milk. The approach is rapid and automatic and features a detection limit of 0.005 g/L. The relative standard deviation obtained by 60 repetitive injections reached 1.48% at 2 g/L of NaCl. The method developed using the Au electrode without modification was used to analyze the chloride ion concentration in raw milk without preprocessing. The method showed good agreement with potentiometric titration.

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“…For a qualitative detection of cow milk, one can develop using Western dot blot technique. Simple low cost instrumentation to detect adulteration involving synthetic milk has been reported [14], but not adulteration using real milk from different animal. One good candidate to detect milk adulteration is by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of QCM Biosensor with Specific Cow Milk Protein Antibody for Candidate Milk Adulteration Detection

et al. 2016

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Adulteration of goat milk is usually done using cow's milk product. Cow milk is used as it is widely available and its price is cheaper compared to goat milk. This paper shows a development of candidate tools for milk adulteration using cow milk. A quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor was developed using commercial crystal resonator and polyclonal antibody specific to cow milk protein. A specific protein at 208 KDa is found only in cow milk and does not exist in goat milk. The existence of this protein can be used as an indicator of cow milk content in a target solution. To detect the PSS 208 kDa protein, antibody specific to the PSS 208 was developed. The purified antibody was immobilized on top of the sensor surface on a polystyrene layer. The fraction of the immobilized antibody on the sensor was found at 1.5% of the given antibody. Using a static reaction cell, the developed immunosensor could detect the specific cow milk protein in buffer solution. The detection limit is 1 ppm. A linear relationship between frequency change and specific protein of cow milk concentration is found from a concentration of 1 ppm to 120 ppm.

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A low cost instrumentation system to analyze different types of milk adulteration

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Ultra‐low voltage fractional‐order circuits using current mirrors

Ultra‐low voltage fractional‐order circuits using current mirrors

Determination of chlorine ions in raw milk by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system

Development of QCM Biosensor with Specific Cow Milk Protein Antibody for Candidate Milk Adulteration Detection

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